The Truth Behind the Alien Reptile Hoax

In 1990, a former British soccer player named David Icke began sharing his psychic visions with the world. According to Icke, our planet is secretly being controlled by a race of humanoid reptiles from the Alpha Draconis star system, 300 light years away. Not only do these reptoids or reptilians live underground beneath the earths major cities, Icke contends, but they drink human blood and have the ability to shape-shift. Sadly, most of the worlds leaders have already been co-opted by these evil reptiles; Icke and his followers believe that former president George W. Bush and Queen Elizabeth II are both reptoids in disguise. Of course, Icke isnt the first person in history to ascribe supernatural powers to reptiles. Snake- and crocodile-like gods are common in ancient mythology, and there were some notable pop-culture reptilian references that preceded Icke (and may, in fact, have directly influenced his philosophy). In 1983, the hugely successful TV miniseries V featured an invasion by conniving alien reptiles disguised as humanoids. After Icke appeared on the scene, the most famous fictional reptilian is arguably the snake-like Voldemort from the Harry Potter books; however, theres no evidence that J.K. Rowling even knows who David Icke is. Are Reptoids Really Intelligent Dinosaurs? Its unclear whether or not Icke believes that his alien reptoids descended from, or were somehow responsible for, the dinosaurs that roamed the earth until 65 million years ago. However, bizarre conspiracy theories have a way of rapidly mutating, and the Icke cult has spawned a subset of enthusiasts who believe that dinosaurs didnt, in fact, go extinct, but evolved into super-intelligent reptoids—so super-intelligent, in fact, that theyve managed to evade detection to this day, except (perhaps) by ex-footballers prone to psychic visions. These conspiracy theorists have received an unintentional boost from North Carolina State paleontologist Dale Russell, who in 1982 published a paper speculating about what might have become of the dinosaur Troodon had the K/T Extinction not happened. Since Troodon was an uncommonly intelligent dinosaur, Russell surmised, its uninterrupted evolutionary arc might have resulted, tens of millions of years later, in a race of super-intelligent, humanoid reptilians. One common attribute of conspiracy theorists (not to mention religious fundamentalists and disbelievers in the theory of evolution) is to take the speculations of reputable scientists as established, carved-in-stone fact. Today, most adherents of the reptoid cult cite Russells paper as proving the existence of humanoid reptiles, and many uninformed readers have helped spread the word. Russell himself, of course, meant no such thing, and is doubtless embarrassed by the cult he unintentionally fueled with his research. Are Humanoid Reptiles a Scientific Possibility? Despite what Icke and other conspiracy theorists claim, theres absolutely no proof that a race of super-intelligent reptoids (or Martians, or swamp monsters) lurk beneath the sewers of Paris, New York, and Beijing. There is also no evidence that the earth has ever been visited by flying saucers or that reptilian aliens have tinkered with human DNA, or that Queen Elizabeth II is a lizard in disguise (though some Icke cultists claim to have seen a second eyelid flickering across her pupils, if you look really closely at slowed-down news footage). But is it possible that an isolated population of meat-eating dinosaurs (Troodon, or some other genus) managed to survive the K/T Extinction, and persist to this day on some remote island or in the middle of a dense rain forest? The odds are vanishingly small, but not zero. However, the chances are even more remote for a scenario in which these dinosaurs have evolved into super-intelligent beings, which would require (among other things) a huge increase in their population, making detection by (and competition with) contemporary human beings a certainty. The fact is that reptoids, reptilians, or whatever you want to call them simply dont exist, despite what David Icke and his followers claim.

Internet Development Human Potential Enhancement

An Dang English 301B Professor Simoes December 4, 2014 Internet Development: Human Potential Enhancement Use of Internet has become a normal today activity in the world. A lot of useful knowledge is derived from sources on the Internet which seems to have almost all the news and information. This has made Internet innovation globally important because it has provided the world with tremendous amount of news, information and entertainment, and it is also easy and cheap for people to attain these materials. The Internet is not only useful to acquire information and ideas, it has also been proved as a faster and efficient communication worldwide. People from one country to another are able to communicate fast and clear, and this has enhanced†¦show more content†¦Therefore, it would be necessary to think about what impacts it has on our social behavior and what the future will look like. In the earlier days, some activities related to distant such as transactions, message delivery and so many operations were slow to carry out and used a lot of time and energy. Nowadays, these jobs can be performed anytime and anywhere if people can go online, thanks to Internet innovation. Thus, many social organizations have been created, formed and funded in order to invest in developing Internet technology which is currently enhancing worldwide communities at a very high rate. The history of Internet innovation began from 1950s after the computers were invented. According to the New Media Institute record, â€Å"the first known fully operational packet-switching network, the ARPANET was designed to facilitate communication between ARPA computer terminals during the early 1960s.† This led to the usage of protocols for Internet system where a network was formed by many different other networks. By the end of the nineteenth century, Internet began to be provided for commercial access, and has created desired effect in society, and also has risen the trend of immediate communication such as through instant messaging, e-mail, and two-way interactive video conference. Un til the beginning of the twentieth century when the rise of the Internet usage reached its peak,

Overpopulation Is The Scarcity Of Food Supplies - 1408 Words

Overpopulation is defined as the condition when the number of people surpasses the maximum capacity that Earth can hold (ConserveEnergyFuture, 2013). When overpopulation occurs, the number of resources on Earth cannot support the total population, thus resulting in various problems that conflict with the world’s peace and harmony. One major problem that is caused by overpopulation is the scarcity of food supplies. There is not enough food being produced to feed the mouths of the endlessly increasing population. Therefore, many people all over the world starve and are malnourished, which is why many armed and international conflicts have occurred in the past years fighting over natural resources. However, with international cooperation and uses of scientific applications, many possible and sustainable solutions have arisen. One solution that has arisen to act against the food shortage in the world is to target and focus on the agricultural sector. One proposed root o f the cause of food shortage in the world is the lacking amount of produce from agriculture. In the past years, the use of biotechnology to increase agricultural product has been introduced multiple times. (The Editors, 2008) However, many activists have opposed the idea due to fears about the possible dangers with biotechnology and genetically modified organisms (GMOs). One example is food allergies. If a person is allergic to nuts and consumes a GMO without knowing it contains nut genes, thenShow MoreRelatedOverpopulation Pressures Our Natural Resources and Environment743 Words   |  3 Pagesall associated with massive population growth. Thus, overpopulation is major contributor to environmental deterioration (Ehrlich and Ehrlich 2012). Further implication to overpopulation harm humans themselves, each individual added to population will consume food, water, and energy. The pressure from population will require more energy to secure their needs (Ehrlich and Ehrlich 2012). This will result in inequity between people through the scarcity of resources that lead to hunger and poverty. TheRead MoreOverpopulation And Its Effects On The Environment1428 Words   |  6 PagesOverpopulation is often Times argued as one of the most severe, if not the most severe, environmental problem. This past year world population exceeded 7.3 billion and continues to grow at an alarming rate. By the year 2050 it is projected that world population will exceed over nine billion. Overpopulation puts a serious strain on the world and its resources and is a root cause of many environmental issues. Issues such as, climate change, diminishing biodiversity, and pollution, are all just someRead MoreEnvironmental Problems Caused By Deforestation1055 Words   |  5 Pagesoverusing the natural resources that the Earth provides to them. The planet is going through a lot of environmental problems. These problems affect all the living beings on Earth. Some of the examples are global warming, pollution of air, water, land, overpopulation, climate change, deforestation, etc. Our planet is facing severe environmental crises with all these examples. The Earth is getting worse everyday because the harm that humans are doing everyday such as deforestation, industrialization, exploitationRead MoreWater Is The Most Precious Resource This Planet Has To1292 Words   |  6 Pagesinefficiently and irresponsibly, one that takes more 42% humanity’s accessible fresh water and wastes it. Unless we take the proper initiative, our world’s water supplies will slowly deplete, leaving earth in an eternal drought, which could potentially cause an end to the human race. Agriculture is an industry that will cause water scarcity to erupt throughout the world if not changed from its irresponsible methods. As the world’s largest industry, agriculture uses 70% of our accessible remaining freshwaterRead MoreBenefits Of Water Conservation Policies1390 Words   |  6 PagesMs. Hurts Period 6 9/23/16 Mrs. Hurts What is harming life â€Å"water† ? The major resource in the world â€Å"Water† for most people meaning life which created all living things that exist; has come to a point of scarcity. Imagine living in world where the most needed resource â€Å"water† was unavailable. For some, around the world people have been experiencing it. Countries like China and India have been suffering of bad and poor quality water. But it did not happen until the last years that peopleRead MoreThe Effects Of The Malthusian Catastrophe Throughout The Past Few Centuries1498 Words   |  6 Pagesagainst this notion with a pessimist view of population growth. The reproduction of humans and the depletion of food were evident and are still evident today. The world is becoming more populous and with it more prosperous; humans as a whole are consuming more food, water, and natural resources than ever. In Malthus’ time the same dilemma was seen as timber supplies diminished supplies transferred to a profuse amount of coal. However, some of the natural resources do not have substitutes (LahartRead MoreOverpopulation : A Common Misconception1396 Words   |  6 Pagesforce, which is currently plaguing the planet. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the fact that, overpopulation is not the primary cause of our modern day predicaments, but is merely a tributary to the actual source. Environmental, economic, agricultural and political factors are some of the main incipient issues, which have thus been ignored, and have resulted in the myth called overpopulation. The negative repercussions of these aspects will be examined, along with a comprehensive study intoRead MoreWater Scarcity655 Words   |  3 PagesEssay’s topic: Water scarcity is one of the key environmental issue of our time. Identify some major causes of water scarcity and describe two solutions. Water plays an important role in developing and maintaining healthy ecosystems. However, water scarcity is an increasing and widespread phenomenon in many countries in the world. Water scarcity refers to either the lack of enough water or lack of access to safe water. The shortage of water is turning out to be more pressing than prediction. ThisRead MoreThe Problem Of A World Problem1281 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment. Hite and Seitz attributed the population booms to three major factors that influenced development and population. Beginning with the agriculture boom, people began to grow their populations because they could sustain more people with the more food they were growing. 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Investigations Essay Example For Students

Investigations Essay 1.List at least two of the six different human sources of DNA material identified in Chapter 1. (Answer)Two of them would be blood and tooth pulp. 2.Who is given credit for establishing the London Metropolitian Police Force. (Answer)The Credit was given to a Sir Robert Peel. 3.What is a Search Warrant?(Answer)It is a written order, in the name of the state, signed by a judicial officer, exercising proper authority, and directing a law enforcement officer to search for certain specific property and bring it before the court. 4.What is the fruits of the poisonous tree doctrine?(Answer)Its a doctrine that states any evidence obtained from a illegal search and seizure is inadmissible in court. 5.When can legal searches and seizures be made by law enforcement officers?(Answer)They can be used when a warrant has been issued, with consent, if its incident to an arrest, automobile (exception), and in an emergency (exigent circumstances). 6.What are the three essential ingredients of arrest?(Answer)The 3 ingredients of arrest are Intention, Authority, and Custody. 7.What is substantive criminal law?(Answer)Substantive Criminal Law is the branch of criminal law dealing with the elements that describe and define a crime. 8.What is procedural Criminal law?(Answer)Procedural Criminal Law is the branch of criminal law that defines what can and cannot be done with, or to, people. 9.Define stop and frisk.(Answer)A stop and frisk is a limited pat down of the outer clothing of a person encountered by a law enforcement officer when the person is acting suspiciously, and the officer, concerned about safety, seeks to determine if the person has a weapon. 10.What is an arrest warrant?(Answer)A judicial order commanding that a particular person be arrested and brought before a court to answer a criminal charge.

To what extent do the mass media influence their audience Research Paper Example

To what extent do the mass media influence their audience Paper It is generally believed that daily newspapers, television, radio, films, the Internet, or any form of message communication that is targeted at a large audience has an influence on behaviour, (Moore 1996) but to what extent? How much influence do the mass media really have on society and the individuals within a society that have now become a media loyal audience? (Moore 1996) and how do people gauge the extent of this influence? The aim of this essay is to look at the theories of the mass media effects. Such effect theories as the hypodermic-syringe model, the cultural effects theory, the two-step flow model, and the uses and gratification theory, and then determine from these theories the true extent of the mass media influence upon society. The Hypodermic-syringe model, that is also referred to as the silver bullet model (Schramm Porter 1982) is the idea that the mass media are so powerful that they can inject their messages into the audience. Or that, like a magic bullet, they can be precisely targeted at an audience, who irresistibly fall down when hit by the bullet. In brief, it is the idea that the makers of media messages can get people to do whatever they want them to do. (Schramm Porter 1982) Whilst it could be argued that no media analyst holds such a view today, it remains popular amongst the public and the media moralists. For instance, in the aftermath of the murder of a young child, Jamie Bulger, in the United Kingdom in 1993 by two young boys, the video of childs play 3, in which a similar kind of murder was to be seen, was evoked as a cause of the murder. Macionis Plummer 1998 p593) Whilst it is possible to say that the film may have played a part, along with other factors, it cannot be said to have simply caused the two boys to murder the young child. (Macionis Plummer 1998) We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent do the mass media influence their audience specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent do the mass media influence their audience specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent do the mass media influence their audience specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Another factor was that the senior police officers that interviewed the two young boys at the time agreed that there was no evidence that either child had even seen the video of childs play 3. (J. Petley 1994) Many theorists believe that it is really more of a folk belief than a model. Chapman 2000) It could be argued that methodologically, the model is very weak because it ignores the fact that social characteristics of audiences differ in terms of class, age, gender and ethnicity. (Chapman 2000) But still the theory that people are passively injected with media messages crops up repeatedly in the popular media whenever there is an unusual or grotesque crime, which they can somehow link to supposedly excessive media violence or sex and which is then typically taken up by politicians who call for greater control of media output. If it applies at all, then probably only in the rare circumstances where all competing messages are rigorously excluded, such as in a totalitarian state. Nazi Germany being a prime example, where Dr Joseph Goebbels centrally controlled the mass media, and in doing so, he influenced a country into believing that Adolf Hitler was the saviour of Germany. (Wistrich 1997) As you read through the various approaches however, it could be argued that a rather weaker version of the hypodermic syringe model underlies many of them, notably in the cultural effects approach. The cultural effects approach or the mass-culture theory, as it is otherwise known implies that some of the media audience will accept media messages rather uncritically and in other cases resist media messages. (Haralambos Holborn 2000) Clearly this suggests not only different types of media messages but also the idea of different audiences. (Haralambos Holborn 2000) It could be argued that the media actually target these different audiences, these cultures, and effect the way these people look upon the world. The idea is that the mass media have created a mass culture in society, but, at the same time, they have the effect of maintaining cultural individuality. (Burton 2002) The idea that the mass media has created a mass culture in society is particularly associated with Marxism. (Chapman 2000) Marxists argue that the once popular cultures or folk cultures used to be the product of the family and revolved around such activities as folk music, dancing, folk tales and carnivals, but now, in a capitalist society, they argue that it is no longer a product of the family but more down to mass production, or more commonly, the mass media. Chapman 2000) It is seen by Marxists, such as Marcuse in particular that people have become passive recipients of culture rather than actively participating in it. (Chapman 2000) Marcuse believed that people consequently absorb mentally, such things as violent images from movies or television, and then, just as any advertising is seen to do, it gives an appeti te for things that the viewer cannot have, and therefore fuels crimes. (Chapman 2000) Although Marxists such as Marcuse have argued that this type of popular culture is responsible for stifling creativity, imagination and critical thought in society, (Chapman 2000) a number of the mass-culture arguments have come from other directions. Pluralists argue that the pre-industrial folk culture has been over romanticised by the Marxist critics and they also argue that the mass media in modern society has also had a positive effect on people. They claim that literacy has been encouraged, and knowledge and awareness of the world around them has been encouraged. They claim that people have much more choice of cultural products and opinions than they ever had before. (Chapman 2000) In many ways, the mass-culture theory, or the cultural effects approach is similar to the hypodermic-syringe model of media effects and like that model, it is also difficult to prove an effect. (Chapman 2000) It is generally believed that a more acceptable approach is the two-step flow theory for understanding the influence that the mass media have on their audience. The two-step flow model is slightly different to the previous two methods, in that it suggests that people are not influenced directly by the media. It implies that people interpret media messages through a framework of attitudes that they acquire from primary groups or opinion leaders. It was first recognised by Paul Lazarsfeld, along with Bernard Berelson and Hazel Gaudet (Lazarsfeld, Berelson, Gaudet 1948) in The Peoples Choice, a paper analyzing the voters decision-making processes during an early nineteenth century presidential election campaign. Lazarsfeld found that voters, who already knew how they were going to vote in the election, had read and listened to more campaign material than the people who still did not know how they would vote. (Lazarsfeld, Berelson, Gaudet 1948) The researchers found that voters who made a decision late in the campaign were not likely to be influenced by the media, but rather by opinion leaders who swayed their vote. It as been suggested that these so called opinion leaders are not a general characteristic of a person, but rather, limited to specific issues. It is seen that, any Individual, who acts as the opinion leader on one issue, may not be considered influential in regard to another issue. (Burton 2002) Their research was originally based on something like the simplistic hypodermic syringe model of media influence. However, their investigations suggested that media effects were minimal, that the conception of a mass audience was inadequate and misguided and that social influences had a major effect on the process of opinion formation and limited the medias effect. (Burton 2002) As with the other two methods, it could also be argued that the two-step flow method also has its arguments. One being that the Influence, if any, or be it a small amount of influence, tended to be straight across a particular social economic class, except that in the higher social classes there was a tendency for people to find opinion leaders in the next class up. No opinion leader was an opinion leader in all aspects of life. (Burton 2002) For example, a car mechanic in the local pub may not use the media much at all because hes always working late. Nevertheless, he knows a lot about cars and so what the rest of those in the pub know from the media about different makes of car will be influenced by his views. Similarly, a Politics lecturer for example, may not use the media anything like as much as his or her students do, but the lecturers reading and viewing is targeted on political issues. Together with the lecturers broad knowledge of political theory and history, which is likely to make the lecturer the opinion leader as far as the Politics class is concerned. Allowing for the differences from one class to another and from one subject area to another, people could probably recognize in opinion leaders the characteristics which Lazarsfeld suggested, in particular that opinion leaders will be more active users of the mass media than others, (Burton 2002) As a result of this theory, attention began to turn from the question of what the media do to the audience to what the audience do with the media, or, the uses and gratifications theory The uses and gratifications theory focuses on the active use made of the media by the audience itself, to seek gratification of a variety of needs. (Chapman 2000) The standard saying is that, where effects research asks, What do the media do to audiences? the uses and gratifications approach asks, What do audiences do with the media? (Chapman 2000) In this theory, it is said that audiences use the media to gratify needs. The needs being most commonly identified as surveillance, such as monitoring whats going on in the world, or, personal relationships, family interaction, or just to escape from a normal routine. (Chapman 2000) Readers of a newspaper for example, might open the paper, turn past the hard news and head straight for the gossip section, or to the stars section because they need entertainment. Also, as with television, one person might understand their favourite soap opera because their favourite character holds power, and they relate it to their own needs for power. Another person may understand the same soap opera as being mainly about love and understanding because they have strong needs for security and choose to bring out those aspects of the story in their minds. (Burton 2002) But as with all the theories, the uses and gratifications theory also holds arguments. The biggest argument directed at the Uses and Gratifications theory, is that it is seen as being non-theoretical. Other arguments are that it is seen as being vague in key concepts, and being nothing more than a data-collecting strategy. However it is still the most modern theory to date. (ODonnell G, 1994) After looking at the theories of mass media effects, to actually determine the mass media influence upon their audience is no easy task. It could be argued that modern theories of the mass media effect, such as the two-step flow theory or the uses and gratification theory show that people are more likely to reinforce existing attitudes and behavior than to change them. It could be argued that peoples existing attitudes act as a protective net preventing any direct effect at all. It could be said that the media has most influence when an audience lacks knowledge and clear opinions, as with the hypodermic-syringe model or the cultural effects theory. (ODonnell G, 1994) Even so, after looking at these theories, there is no overwhelming evidence that the mass media actually influences its audience at all. However, there is more evidence, to suggest that the audience actually influences the mass media. (Chapman 2000)

saliva cortisol essays

saliva cortisol essays An increased amount of cortisol is released in response to a stressor which lasts longer than a few minutes this is released through a system called the hypothalomic-pituatry-adrenal axis (HPA axis). HPA axis is the combined system of corticopin-releasing hormone (CRH) adrenocorticotropohic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol release. Cortisol release is controlled by the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) which is positioned in the hypothalamus it is here that CRH is released when the person is put under stress this in turn causes the release of ACTH by acting on the pituitary gland this ACTH then causes the adrenal cortex to release cortisol. Cortisol is usually released in approximately fifteen minute bursts this occurs as CRH and ACTH are only released in pulses not a prolonged release over time this results in the level of cortisol dips between these pulses. Cortisol itself has roughly a half life of 100 minutes in blood. A prolonged burst of ACTH can cause the adrenal cortex to increase in size so that it can cope with the extra production of cortisol where as the opposite occurs if there is a decrease in the long term production of ACTH. The level of cortisol in the body is kept at safe levels by a process of negative and positive feedback throughout the brain. A certain amount of cortisol is always found in the bloodstream. Much like other things cortisol also has a circadian rhythm controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus the bodys internal clock. Cortisol peaks are found in the morning at approximately eight to ten oclock with the lowest amounts of cortisol being found in the evening before bedtime. This is due to the suprachiasmatic nucleus sending messages to the paraventricular nucleus approximately every hour causing CRH to be released resulting in the release of cortisol as described earlier. Abnormal circadian rhythms have been found in people with illnesses such as chronic fatigue syndrome, irritable bowel syndrome, se...

Kaiser Wilhelm II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Kaiser Wilhelm II - Essay Example The period between 1888 and 1914 saw rapid growth of Germany as an economic and military dominance. On the other hand, Europe was largely divided into different opposing camps due to the suspicion arising from allies that were formed during this period. The mistrust culminated into the World War 1, where Germany experienced the worst defeat in the century. Consequently, there was the abolishment of German monarchical rule, and all this was blamed on Wilhelm’s actions and character (Imperial War Museums 1). Additionally, the miscalculated judgments by Wilhelm led to the dismissal of Bismarck in 1890. Moreover, Wilhelm II disrupted the political system that had existed in Europe (Imperial War Museums 1). This was largely seen through strained relationship that existed between Germany and Britain. In addition, as Germany engaged in supporting the Boers against Britain, this hastened the development of strong ties between France and Britain to the detriment of Germany (Imperial Wa r Museums 1). This also increased isolation of Germany to the rest of Europe. The other essential thing to note is Wilhelm’s support of Austria-Hungary against Serbia. This opened doors for strenuous relations between various allies in Europe. This was detrimental to Germany and Europe and was utterly opposite of the situation in the last quarter of 19th century. ... He adopted different form of governing for over two decades before the beginning of the First World War. The form of governance was different as compared to the one practiced by Bismarck. The governance was more liberal and compared to the conservative nature adopted by Bismarck. He engaged in aggressive and expansionist political course entirely in the name of maintaining Germany position in Europe. All these far-reaching policies acted as a recipe to war in 1914. This was because the policies adopted by Wilhelm II destabilized the relative peace that Bismarck had managed to restore. However, the foreign policy remained the same throughout this period as what was envisioned in the unification of Germany. Moreover, there was the adoption of a German constitution in this period that envisaged the militaristic foundation of the new empire. The constitution gave all sections of the government real political power. The sections included the Bundesrat, the Reichstag, Prussian cabinet and the military establishment. The election of the Reichstag was by all males over the age of 24 (Imperial War Museums 1). This gave Germany a law making body that had similar democratic principles to the rest of Europe. However, all the different factions of the government were under Wilhelm II. As a result, Wilhelm had enormous political power and this was instrumental to the institutionalization of ‘personal rule’ as envisioned in his dreams (Imperial War Museums 1). Secondly, Wilhelm made a political decision that was not expected by many in Germany at this period. He forced Bismarck to resign in 1890. This was seen as resulting from variation in political ideologies. This was because Bismarck was conservative as compared to Wilhelm 11 liberal approach. This provided