Wireless videophones Essay Example for Free

Wireless videoph unrivaleds EssayWireless videoph geniuss and high-speed Internet access be a reality with the cosmoss first Third Generation meandering(a) serviced, which were launched on October 1st 2001 by NTT DoCoMo in Tokyo, Japan. These has symbolized that human had enter a new era in mobile network engine room. Facing with the ever march on technologies, mobile network had integrated deep into our daily life style, cater for the pauperisations to secreteact between friends and business organizations in a more(prenominal) effective, effective and convenient bearing.At this moment, as we are discussing, there is a lot of network companies busily preparing for 3G or the Third Generation in mobile b assure twists. The precursors to this technology had began and entered the grocery stores in year 2001 and 3G itself is due to suffer proliferated in the earnest by 2005. Singapore Telco, Singtel had announced a trail on the 3G network at bottom CBD area at the last quarter of 2003. If 3G delivers what the developers promise, by 2004 we cannister look at broadband speeds via our mobile phones, plus a variety of new contemporaries mobile devices that combine PC, PDA, camera, you name it, functionality.With 3G, info speeds result reach upwards of 2 Megabits per second (Mbps), which will give us high speed net access and superlative quality video access via our trusty mobile communication devices. 3G also promises roaming capability byout Europe, Asia and North America. 3G devices will deliver in all that GPRS (General Packet Radio Services) can do, except a whole lot faster. Just imagine, how about catching up with that important client who never has conviction for a face to face meeting when hes in a taxi on his way to an airport at the early(a) side of the globe? delve watching your favourite television programmes on the MRT on your way home from work. How about consider connecting to your network, spateloading files, polish offring data, zipping off an email? With transfer speeds of more than 2 Mbps, tasks same(p) these can be completed within seconds. Nokias concept team, for example, are currently considering four different categories for their 3G terminals Communicators These would be business tools, allowing users to quickly and efficiently log onto their networks, transfer information, wrote emails and synchronise information with conventional PC devices.Media phones These would perhaps give access to Internet work and include Personal Information Management, audio and data functions. imaging phones Sending of photos and video clips to our friends on the other side of the world within seconds. Entertainment phones How about playing a game with friend at the other side of the globe. Or sending your distri just nowor teams a video clip of your new office? To introduce, switch or implement a new technology can never be an easy task. It involved a lot of technology go to sleep how, equipments and res earches. The bottom line is, a huge sum of bills will be required.Take for example, other than GPRS technology, some other technology will be required to kick off the 3G network system. One of them is WCDMA, or Wideband Code Division Multiple Access, a wideband radio technique providing high data range, and EDGE, or Enhanced Data rates for spheric Evolution, a high-speed modulation technique that triples the core of GPRS. The various networks have spent a lot of money on this technology and will conk even more before the services are launched. In UK mobile networks have paid (22 cardinal just to use the required radio spectrum. correspond to Gartnet Dataquests survey in May 2002, Singapore will spend an estimate of US$19. 9 million in 2003 and US$102. 9 million in 2004 on the WCDMA infrastructure alone. That is non all, according to reports from Europe and Japan, which had started the 3G networking, had been under a lot of criticize. Most of their problems were mainly from the handsets and the network integration. Those countries in the preparation for the 3G launch had been very cautious on the setup. Europe and Japan experience will serve as a guidance for their future operation. Introduction.3G wireless networks are capable of transferring data at high speeds of up to 384Kbps. Average speeds for 3G network will range between 64Kbps and 384Kbps, quite a jump when compared to common wireless data speeds in the U. S that are often slower than a 14. 4Kb modem. 3G is considered high speed or broadband mobile Internet access, and as time to come, 3G networks are pass judgment to reach speeds of more than 2Mbps. In order to know the evolution of 3G, it might be interesting to get an idea on the history on the pass acrossion of mobile networking . History of Mobile Networking System First Generation (1G).The first genesis of mobile electric cellular telecommunications system appeared in the 1980s. The first generation was not the beginning of mobile c ommunication, as there were several mobile radio networks in existence before then, just now they are not cellular systems. The capacity of those early networks was much lower than that of mobile networks. And the support for mobility was weak. In mobile cellular networks the coverage area is divided into small cells, and thus the same frequencies can be used several time in the network without disturbing interference. This increase the system capacity.The first generation used analog transmission techniques for scratching, which was close to entirely voice. There was no dominant standard but several competing ones. The or so successful standards were Nordic(TACS), and Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS). Note that although the world is now busy moving into 3G networks, these first-generation networks, and many existing networks are growing. First Generation networks ( Extract from Introduction To 3G Mobile Communication) System Countries TACS/ETACS Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahra in, China, Hong Kong, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kuwait, Macao, Malaysia, Malta, Philippines.Singapore, Spain, Sri Lanka, UAE, UK AMPS Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil, Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, Canada, China, Georgia, Guam, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Mexico, Mongolia, Nauru, New Zealand, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Russia, Singapore, southwestern Korea, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkmenistan, USA, Vietnam, Western Samoa Second Generation (2G), 2G evolve in the year 1991, in Finland. Second generation mobile network system use digital radio transmission. Thus the boundary line between first and second generation systems is obvious it is the analog/digital split.The second generation networks have much higher(prenominal) capacity than the first generation systems. One frequency channel is simultaneously divided among several users (either by code or time division). Hierarchical cell structures- in which the service area is covered by m acro and picocells enhance the system capacity even further. There are four main standards for second-generation systems, globose System for Mobile ( GSM ) communications and its derivatives, Digital AMPS (D-AMPS), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA IS-95) and Personal Digital Cellular (PDC)GSM uses the 900- megacycle per second band is by far the most successful and astray used 2G system. PDC was eventually adopted by Japan. Generation 2. 5 (2. 5G), 2. 5G is a designation that broadly includes all advanced upgrades for the second generation networks. These upgrades may in fact sometimes provide almost same capabilities as the planned 3G systems. The boundary line between 2G and 2. 5G is a hazy one. It is catchy to say when a 2G becomes a 2. 5G system in a technical sense. When the wireless industry realized that it was going to be costly and technologically contest to upgrade to 3G networks, 2.5G emerged as an interim stage. These networks transfer data at speeds of up to 114 Kbps, which is faster than traditional digital (2G) network. They are always on. A phone with 2. 5G services can alternate between using nets, sending or receiving test messages, and making calls without losing its connection to the Internet and email. Analysis of 3G Technology In the old days, when all phones were fixed rather than mobile, making a call involved establishing a direct electrical connection between your handset and the one you were calling. The same happens with 2G and 2.5G networks, but instead of setting up a dedicated circuit, a small portion of the airwaves are reserved for your call. This is a really bad way of dividing up the available airwaves because it means that the spaces and pauses in speech get the same priority as the words. 3G networks change all this. Instead of reserving airspace each conversation is sliced up into packets, each one of which is labelled with a code denoting which dialogue it is from. The wireless literate generation of today (aged 12 35) provides a snapshot of tomorrows corporation and its drivers.The new generation is creating new usage patterns in favour of messaging and visual content. For them, messaging e. g SMS text messaging is the most natural way of personal communication. Instant communication is about being able to create and consume content (greetings, notes, snapshots/ postcards, moving pictures, instant voicemail) on the fly, and about filling transit moments with meaningful experiences. The mobile phone has become a personal trusted device that is capable of life management and enrichment, thanks to higher data rates and evolutionary user interfaces that have increased the simplicity and usability of terminals.Traditionally the major service has been voice but there has been an evolutionary step in 3G from curtly messaging Service (SMS) to 3GPP defined Multimedia Messaging, incorporating digital images and video clips with text or voice annotations. Industry analysts estimate that vendors ar e currently allocating from $200 billion in research and development choices to specify, design and manufacture infrastructure for evolving 3G networks. Of the 3G licenses currently awarded, more than 90 percent of those operators have specified WCDMA as their core 3G technology.Observers demonstrate out that, given this expected dominance of WCDMA as the 3G standard, this technology will undoubtedly receive the majority of RD funding and will yield the earliest, most lengthy and most reliable product availability. What is WCDMA? WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiplex Access (WCDMA) is the radio frequency technology indicated for all UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication Services) networks, and WCDMA is widely expected to be the dominant technology for 3G networks worldwide. WCDMA supports high capacity, multiple simultaneous services and bit-rate performance of up to 2Mbit/s.But as a wideband (5 MHz channels) technology, WCDMA presents deployment challenges when implemented o n narrow frequency allocations. When evaluating WCDMA infrastructure, operators should consider system solutions that provide well-established Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)-compatibility and that the resource allocation capabilities follow UMTS traffic class guidelines and Quality of Service attributes, allowing operators to optimize service differentiation. Modular designs allow these solutions to scale quickly to meet escalating network traffic demands.These same design advantages will allow these WCDMA solutions to be adapted to meet the demand for location-based services, personalized messaging and packet data traffic volumes that will define the coming wireless IP networks. These advanced WCDMA systems will also support seamless integration with GSM networks. 3G Concepts And Technology for Business 3G will be primarily driven by services and applications, not technology, although technologies such(prenominal) as Java, WAP, Bluetooth, SynchML and IPv6 have enabled third party application developments to meet users end-to-end service needs and expectations.The Mobile Internet will bring an explosion in the number of new applications a 3G hypermarket of services creating new marketing and revenue channels. Few business leaders are likely to turn down an opportunity to get an extra 10% of productivity from their mobile workforces, especially if it only costs a fraction of the reward. Third-generation (3G) wireless networks could facilitate this kind of knuckle under on investment (ROI) by extending desktop business-application, database, and intranet access into the mobile environment.3G is an improvement over current networks, which deliver data and voice at no more than double the speed of dialup modems. The 3G infrastructure will eventually be able to transmit text, voice, video, and multimedia to a mobile handset with an always-on connection that is five times faster than a dialup modem. Initially, data-transfer rates may only equal tod ays dialup modem speeds, but that is still fast enough to make wireless service attractive to businesses seeking efficiency gains.Japans NTT DoCoMo turned on the worlds first 3G network in October 2001. Other mobile operators are conducting 3G trials in the United States and Europe, with plans to go live this year. The challenges include the complexness and costs of upgrading carrier networks and telephone handsets to handle 3G multimedia transmissions. Companies that adopt 3G networking for their mobile workforces within the next two years should expect limited coverage areas and the classifiable problems associated with any emerging technology.IDC recommends that company executives seeking 3G wireless connectivity should decide exactly why they want the service and pinpoint the efficiency points they need in order to recoup their investment costs in less than two years. Early adopters should measure the specific benefits of connecting mobile employees-reduced paperwork, faster co llection of customer data, higher accuracy-and know which group of mobile employees will get the service first and why. In Europe, if an operator does not move fast into wireless data (3G) then the market will start to move without it threatening disintermediation for the laggards.At such, licences of the wideband connection, which carry new content-rich data and video-streaming services, cost up to US$10 billion in Italy and $45 billion in Germany respectively. (Source Global Telecoms Business magazine). In both Japan and Korea, there is also a significant raise in the subscription in 3G mobile usage, stimulating the economic movement in the countries. In what ways can 3G networks be applied ? Application and Advantages, Multimedia Messaging Multimedia Messaging Service, or MMS, is a messaging service for the mobile environment standardized by the WAP Forum and 3GPP.For consumers, MMS is very similar to Short Message Service (SMS) it provides automatic, warm delivery of user-cre ated content sent primarily from phone to phone. MMS also provides support for email addressing, so messages can be sent to email. In addition to text, an MMS message sent to or from the Nokia 6650 phone can contain still images, voice or audio clips, and video. An MMS message is a multimedia presentation in one entity it is not a text file with attachments.MMS delivers a location independent, total communication experience and is a simple, logical extension of SMS, also providing a likewise solid and reliable platform on which the operator can build additional services and increase service differentiation. Rich Call Rich call is an audio conversation supported by concurrent access to an image or data and allows users to not only listen to what I say but also see what I mean. Multiple simultaneous media types such as messaging, voice and video games can be started and ended independently but without the need to obtain the information first and then call back. Mobile InternetMobil e Internet is not just todays internet accessed from a mobile device (although it will of course still be possible,) but instead applications will provide users with personalised, context dependent and interworking applications. The scope of these services will cover areas such as information, entertainment, travel and personal information management. Many will be wholly or partly sponsored by advertisers, be location aware and have mCommerce integration. Multimedia streaming and downloading In 3G, enhanced bandwidth capabilities and advanced terminals enable video and audio, either real time or near real time or download.Eg, two way video conferencing with audio, video streaming. Streaming Media Services Audio streaming (eg MP3) is seen as the first widespread mainstream service to generate revenue through increased data traffic, attracting well off, music consuming and impatient twenty to thirty something generation consumers to subscribe to higher Quality of Service access. Although these services are available, to some extent, through 2. 5G terminals and networks, the bandwidth vs capacity evolution suggests that the real enabler for mass market service is WCDMA radio access.Streaming alleviates the need for a large memory resource in the terminal since only a small sample of the video or music data resides there at any one time. secure is also less of an issue because at no time is the entire data stored in the device. Entertainment There are two types of entertainment passive and interactive (games and media ie TV. ) Users will be able to connect to online multi platform gaming experiences or download, try out and purchase games. Handsets will allow inter operability though WAP, GPRS, Java and Symbian OS, making play possible across handset manufacturers.3G Problems and Disadvantages, As we have mentioned earlier on, 3G is not flawless. Japan NTT was hit with the lack of delicated applications scripted for broadband speeds of 384 Kbps and handse ts were designed for voice-centric application. Many people had to carry 2 handsets to ensure national coverage. Handset Problems, all the extra tasks will put something of a substance on the handset. At the moment screens on phones are small, they are difficult to type or get data into and they typically only work with one mobile phone technology.

Will Positive behavior Modification Decrease the Amount of Negative-Seeking Attention of a Child Essay Example for Free

Will Positive mien Modification Decrease the Amount of Negative-Seeking Attention of a Child EssayTeaching is a challenging profession especially if the teacher is handling barbarianren. Children, when they want to redeem attendance, will do anything just to have it. They do anything positively or negatively just to have the trouble that he wants. Children most of the time do it positively, however some would do it negatively. Say for example, in a school setting, the kidskin whitethorn seek for the fear of the teacher thus in class he misbehaves. He doesnt in truth care as to what care he would be maintainting, be it praise or a cod, for as long as he gets the attention, he likes it. To a youngster an attention from an adult is precise important. Sometimes, it is just but normal that children seek approval and attention but if this is too much, this could become a problem because the child would tend to be controlling. This carry out may then go out in a situatio n where the child controls your life. The very reason for mis appearance in young children is to get attention, and in their after life, this may cause discipline problems (Severe, 2000). One of my 5th rank students, a male angiotensin-converting enzyme, misbehaves that he is disturbing the class and distracts me as come up.When he does this, I reprimand him however what he does is that he behaves for a while and then misbehaves again. I wanted to figure out what seems to be the problem with this child and I effect out that he just wants some attention. He has this negative-attention quest behavior wherein he does tricks just to get anyones attention. Everyday he has new tricks that he plays so he can have the attention that he wants. One time he threw a crumpled paper towards his classmate just to get the attention of his classmate.An separate day this same student loudly talked to his classmate that distracted our discussion. Everyday he gets reprimands from me and he does th e same thing again after a while. I started observing the child when he is playing with his friends. He also does tricks to get the attention of his playmates. I asked the other teachers who handled this child if they have observe this behavior and they said yes. This child really needs attention, no matter what he does and what he gets as long as he can have the attention that he wants.He may act negatively just to get the attention he does not care. He wants attention. I observed this peculiar(prenominal) child from day to day and consulted some books and studies about this kind of behavior of a child and came up with a plan on how to decrease the negative-seeking behavior of this child. This plan would use the positive behavioral modification. The question however is, Will positive behavioral modification decrease the amount of negative-seeking behavior of my 5th grade male student? My plan of action was to employ a positive behavior modification wherein interventions would be done by using techniques such as counter-conditioning, reinforcement and shaping to modify ones behavior. The first strategy that I employed is the random positive attention. In this kind of strategy, one must omit the students attention-seeking behaviors while some positive attention would be disposed(p) at the same time. Say for example if the child would make a noise, just soften to look at him in the eye and smile at him.This carriage he would notice that he is be given the attention. Another strategy is to give positive attention and approval to their behavior when appropriate. This would assist the child understand his behavior better (How to handle Attention, 2008). This could be helpful because the child would realize that he is appreciated. This may help lessen his attention seeking behavior because he may feel he is given due credit for. He is gaining the attention that he needs from the people that he wants it from.Say for example when the child perfects his score i n his exam, the teacher praises him or if he fails the teacher gives him encouragement thus the child would feel that he has a worth in the class because the teacher noticed him. Another way of life to handle the attention seeking behavior is to appreciate his positive behaviors and do not give negative attention to his misbehavior (How to handle Attention, 2008). In this way the child may realize that he can only get the attention that he wants when he is doing hearty.In this way he might castrate his mind on misbehaving he would try to do positive things to get recognized rather than misbehave and get nothing. Say for example when a child makes noise that disturbs the class, the teacher would simply look at him and smile, that would let this child realize that he is recognized but this is just a temporary information and when the child keeps quiet the teacher should ac retireledge this in front of the class that the child would feel that he is more appreciated when he is doing the things that are pass judgment of him.Another way to handle the attention seeking child is to make him realize that there are other students who also need the teachers attention. He might then realize that he is getting the equal attention that the other children are getting. In this way he may examine to behave in an appropriate way. Say for example when this child sees that the teacher is giving enough attention to the well behaved student he may try to imitate that behavior thus decreasing his negative attention seeking behavior. Another way is to give due credits to the child when he is doing well in class. Give him praise in front of the class.This may make the child realize that he is getting the attention of the teacher when he is doing well in class thus this may make him more motivated in studying his lessons. Instead of investing his time bullying around, he may realize that he may take time on studying his lessons and participate in class. Say for example when the c hild delivered a good deliverance in class give him due credit by not just saying that it was wonderful but by further asking the child how he was able to come up with the good speech and that he has to keep it up. Other children may seek attention because they simply want to put down that they are also important.So another intervention would be letting them know that they are important but there are also other students who also need the attention of the teacher. In this way a child may realize that he is not the only student that needs the attention of the teacher. In this way a child may lessen his misbehaviors and learn to consider others. Give the child tasks that you are confident that he can accomplish. If he does, it would make him feel proud about himself and he may fell that the teacher trusts him and that he is important because he was given the task.Another intervention would be, ignore the negative behavior of the child when appropriate. Sometimes children have tantrum s, whining, swearing and arguing, and these kinds of behaviors are not harmful to either the child or the other people concerned. This behavior may be ignored and the child may realize that he cannot get attention from this kind of an act thus resulting to the decrease of the negative seeking behavior of the child. A child when he doesnt get the attention that he needs, he may think of other ways to get the attention from the person that he wants it from.The results were actually positive. I have discovered a lot of things in the case of this child. I learned that a child would really do whatever it takes just to get the attention that he wants. The child would not care if its positive or negative attention that he gets as long as he gets that attention then he is happy with it. He would do the same things over and over again if he does not get what he wanted thus we would be on a cycle and the child would not change. With the applied interventions the childs mental attitude slowly changed for the better.He was starting to reflect on his actions because he does not misbehave frequently in class. He also became participative in the class. The childs negative-seeking attention was not really changed but it was somehow slowly decreasing. Changes in attitudes are not that easy to achieve thus it needs patience to be able to achieve the outcome that we wanted. Changes in attitudes does not come overnight thus we need to give time for the child to improve. As the teacher of this child, I learned that my reprimand were not effective as we may got through the same cycle everyday.That if I always give an equal negative attention to the negative-seeking behavior of the child, I might just be tolerating the attitude that he is showing. I also learned that every child is unique. There may be a lot of interventions that are available however this may not be applicable to every child having this kind of problem. As a result of what I learned, I may not have reprimanded the child as I do everyday. The child may just like this kind of attention that he is getting from me but this would not help him change his behavior. The child may just do the same thing everyday.This study may help not just teachers but parents as well who have this kind of child. The children may just need something that they were not able to have either from their teachers or from their parents. A quantity time may not mean a quality time thus what we adults need to look into is the time that we spend with the children. permit us be sensitive to our childrens needs. If the child misbehaves, there might be a corresponding reason for that misbehavior and so we need to know that first before we decide what punishment to give because our reprimands may make the situation worse.

Dementia Sufferer Mental

Dementia Sufferer MentalIntroductionDementia is a exit of mental endure in both or much atomic number 18as such as language, depot, optic and spatial abilities, or judgment severe enough to interfere with daily life3. Dementia is not a disorder itself, stand step upers show a broader set of symptoms that accompany certain diseases or physical figures3. Well cognize diseases that cause frenzy complicate Alzheimers disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and multi-infarction derangement3.Dementia is an acquired and progressive problem that affects cognitive exits, behavior, thinking processes and the ability to carry out normal activities. Vision is one of the most classic primary senses, thus serious or complete push-down list loss has a major impact on a individuals ability to communicate effectively and function independently. Individuals who suffer from both hallucination and serious view loss get out necessarily be subject to pro set up e driftal, practical, ps ychological and financial problems. These factors ordain withal limit others around the sufferer and forget extend to family and the greater society. As we get older both delirium and optical problems inevitably become much more prevalent. Current demographic trends show the increase of the number of very old in our population. Therefore it is inevitable that dementia and serious sight loss each alone or together, will make up important consequences for all of us3.The vast majority of batch be aw atomic number 18 that dementia affects the memory. However it is the impact it has on the ability to carry out daily tasks and problems with behavior that cause particular problems, and in severe cases suffer lead to institutionalization. In the primary stages of dementia, the patient dis trust be sponsored by friends and family by dint of reminders. As increase occurs the individual will loose the skills needed for everyday tasks and may eventually fail to recognize family members, a condition k without delayn as prospagnosia. The result of such progression is that the individual becomes totally dependent on others. Dementia not only affects the lives of the individual, but as well the family9.Dementia chiffonier present itself in varying forms. The most crude form of dementia in the old is Alzheimers disease, affecting millions of people. It is a degenerative condition that attacks the adept. Progression is gradual and at a variable rate. Symptoms of Alzheimers disease atomic number 18 impaired memory, thinking and changes in behaviour. Dementia with Lewy bodies and dementias linked to Parkinsons disease be responsible for around 10-20% of all dementias. Dementia with Lewy bodies is of particular inte loosening as individuals with this condition not only present confusion and varying cognition, but withal present symptoms of optical hallucinations9. Another familiar conditions that causes dementia is multi-infarct dementia, also known as vascular dementia. It is the second most gross form on dementia after alzheimers disease in the senior. Multi infarct dementia is caused by denary strokes in the brain. These series of strokes potty affect any(prenominal) intellectual abilities, impair ride skills and also cause individuals to experience visual hallucinations. Individuals with multi infarct dementia are prone to risk factors for stroke, such as spicy BP, heart disease and diabetes. Multi infarct dementia cannot be treated, once philia cells die they cannot be re place. X3In most cases the symptoms of dementia and serious sight loss develop independently. However some conditions can cause both visual and cognitive impairments, for example Down syndrome, Multiple sclerosis and diabetes. Dementia is most prevalent in the elderly, as is sight loss. Therefore it is inevitable that a number of people will present dementia together with serious sight loss.There be in possession of been many an(prenominal) studies into the preponderance of dementia in the UK. An estimate for the prevalence of dementia in people over 75 years of age is 15% of the population9. The Alzheimers society apprise that 775,200 people in the UK suffer from dementia (figures taken 2001). The Alzheimers society also calculates that the prevalence of dementia in the 65-75 years age group is 1 in 50, for 70-80 years 1 in 20 and for over 80 years of age 1 in 5. Estimates suggest that by 2010 approximately 840,000 people will become dementia sufferers in the UK. Estimates suggest that around 40% of dementia sufferers are in residential institutions. One study from 1996 showed that dementia sufferers are 30 times more likely to live in an institution than people without dementia. At 65 years of age men are 3 times more likely than women to live in an institution and at 86 men and women are equally likely to be institutionalized10Visual impairments are not associated general diagnostic features of dementia. However recent re search has shown the change in visual function and visual impact may be relevant. Alzheimers disease patients oft present problems with visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, stereo-acuity and color trance. These problems are believed to be more true of cognitive dysfunction rather than any particular(prenominal) problems in the eye or optic nerve9. Early diagnosis is essential to both dementia and sight loss patients, as drug treatments are graceful more and more available. Therefore maximizing the treatment and care for the individual. On the other hand early on diagnosis of visual conditions is also essential, so that progression is decreaseed and treatment is commenced, thence further progression is forestalled if plausible9.The Mini-Mental State query MMSE, is the most commonly used cognitive test for the diagnosis of dementia. It involves the patient to undertake tests of memory and cognition. It takes the form of a series of questions/answers and uses written, verbal and visual material. Poor vision or blindness is the most common cause of measly performance on this test other than dementia itself9. Research, development and investment in the future will help to contribute to advanced care for dementia and sight loss sufferers. A better understanding of the daily lives and experiences of these people will give us a greater insight into the problems faced and will help to improve the forest of care available9.Alzheimers diseaseThe aim of this paper is to provide information about current knowledge on the topic on visual function dementia. With regards to Alzheimers disease there will be an inclination to several main foci of research, namely anatomical/structural changes, available visual changes, cognitive brain changes and other changes such as the effects of diagnostic drugs on Alzheimers disease patients.Alzheimers disease is the most common cause of dementia amongst older adults. The Alzheimers research trust estimates that 700,000 ind ividuals in the UK currently are afflicted. This number will inevitably increase exponentially in the near future with the trend of an increasely aging UK population. Therefore it essential be of the utmost of importance worldwide to wee got an understanding all behavioral, anatomical and physiological aspects of this disease.Alzheimers disease is a degenerative disease that attacks the brain, it begins gradually and progresses at a variable rate. Common signs are impaired thinking, memory and behavior. Health professionals and care givers crack that the memory deficit is usually the initial sign of the disease. However researchers have long known that Alzheimers disease is characterized by impairments of several additional domains, including visual function11.However these findings have not yet appeared in the diagnostic guides consulted by healthcare professionals, for example the most recent addition of the Diagnostic Statistical manual(a) of mental disorders states that fe w sensory signs occur in early Alzheimers disease2. Therefore we even so have a limited understanding of the true boundary to which visual impairments affects Alzheimers disease. The current web site of the Alzheimers association1 and National Institute of Aging4 make no mention of the topic of sensory changes in Alzheimers disease. It has even been said that patients with Alzheimers disease report visual problems to their healthcare professionals less oft than do healthy elderly individuals5. Nevertheless visual function is impaired in Alzheimers disease6. In terms of cognitive changes, the neuropathology of this disorder affects several other brain areas which are dedicated to processing low level visual functions as well as racyer level visual cognition and attention11. These neuropathological cognitive changes are more dominant however in the visual adaptation of Alzheimers disease known as posterior cortical atrophy, however visual problems are also present in the more com mon Alzheimers disease.Alzheimers disease begins when there are deposits of abnormal proteins outside nerve cells located in the brain in the form of amyloid. These are known as diffuse plaques, and the amyloid also forms the central part of further structured plaques known as senile or neurotic plaques3. Buildup of anomalous filaments of protein internal nerve cells in the brain can also take place. This protein accumulates as masses of filaments known as neurofibril tangles. Atrophy of the affected areas of the brain can also occur as well as the enlargement of the ventricles3. There is also a loss of the neuro transmitter Serotonin, Acetylcholine, Norepinephrine and Somatostatin. Attempts have been make to try to slow the development of the disease by replacing the neurotransmitters with cholinesterase inhibitors, such as donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (excelon), galantamine (Reminyl) and memantine (Namenda)3. These drugs work by increasing the levels of transmitters between cells, which otherwise become lacking in Alzheimers disease. The National Institute for Clinical Excellence NICE conducted a review of these drugs in March 2005 and concluded that none of these drugs provided sufficient enough advantages to the patient in order to justify their cost. They recommended against the use of such drugs in the Nhs, though the Department of Health later overturned this ruling.Visual Changes in Alzheimers PatientsLoss of vision is a mark healthcare dilemma amongst the elderly. By the age of 65 approximately one in three people have a vision reducing eye disease. Dementia, Alzheimers disease patients and elderly patients, consequently have many visual conditions in common.Alzheimers disease impairs visual function early in the course of the disease and functional losses correlate with cognitive losses. There are several common visual functional deficits that are frequently identified in Alzheimers disease. There is evidence for deficits in Motion perception3 2,33 contrast sensitivity31 colour discrimination of drear short wavelength hues34 and performance on slow-witted masking tests31 In Alzheimers disease the secondary point of damage is usually the visual association cortex and other higher cortical areas as well as the primary visual cortex 35,36.Some of the main changes that occur in the eye with aging inlclude7The crystalline lens increases in thickness, hence decreasing its transparency and elasticity therefore there is a tendency for cataracts to appear.The conjunctiva can become thicker and wrinkled, therefore is subject to deposits such as pinguecela.The iris can atrophy, therefore pupils become constricted and their response to lilting becomes sluggish. The eyes ability to dark/light adapt is affected.Refractive index of the cornea decreases and it becomes less transparent. Arcus senilis can appear.The ocular globe and eyelids can shrink leading to conditions such as entropian, ectropian and trichiasis. Also while the lac hrymal production is reduced the puncta lachrymalis can become stenotic and provide less drainage which gives rise to chronic watering of the eyesAnterior chamber usually becomes more shallow and the sclera more rigid, increasing the prospects of glaucoma.These changes summed together not only diminish the quality of vision, but many of them also make the examination of the eye much more complicated. In company with the general visual symptoms of aging, Alzheimers patients can also experience visual disturbances caused by the brain rather than the visual brass alone. This means that they can have problems and difficulties perceiving what they see rather than how clearly they see it3. Difficulties are usually experienced in the areas mentioned earlier, namely depth, motion, color, and contrast sensitivity. Visual hallucinations are also a common problem with linked to loss of vision in Alzheimers disease patients38. Another common disorder linked to patients with Alzheimers diseas e is a variant of motion blindness. The patient can appear to be confused and lost the individual will see the world as a series of still frames8.Visual changes in Alzheimers disease may also be dependent upon which brain hemisphere is more severely damaged this factor can often be overlooked. An individual with Alzheimers disease could have damage to a greater extent on their left brain hemisphere from plaques and tangles. This would therefore cause subsequent retinal changes in only the left hemi-retinas of each eye i.e. the right visual fields. The right eye visual field would be affected in the temporal side (right) and the left eye visual field would be affected nasally (right)51. When only half the retina is impacted, smaller regions of the optic nerve and nerve fiber layer show losses. The left eye with affected temporal retina would show optic nerve damage in differing regions of the nerve than the right eye with nasal retinal damage.51Alzheimers patients commonly show selec tive degeneration of large ganglion cell axons located in the optic nerves. This suggests that there would be impairment of broadband channel visual function. Conversely studies have shown that broadband visual capabilities are not selectively impaired in Alzheimers disease. The magnocellular and parvocellular neurons are greatly affected in Alzheimers patients, this has been proved by studies of the dorsal Lateral geniculate nucleus(LGN)3. The geniculostirate projection dust is split both functionally and anatomically into two sections. They include the parvocellular layers of the Lateral geniculate body and also incorporates the magnocellular layers. These systems are mainly divided in the primary visual cortex and go through further segregation in the visual association cortex. They conclude in the temporal and paritetal lobes3.The parvocellular layers contain smaller, centrally located receptive fields that account for high spatial frequencies (acuity), they also respond well t o color. On the other hand these cells do not respond well rapid motion or high flicker rates. The magnocellular cells have larger receptive fields and respond superiorly to motion and flicker. They are however comparatively insensitive to color differences, the magnocellular neurons generally show poor spatial resolution, although the seem to respond better at low luminance contrasts. To summarize the parvocellular system is superior at detecting small, slow moving, sorry targets placed in the centre of the visual field. Meanwhile the magnocellular system has the ability to process rapidly moving and optically degraded stimuli across larger areas of the visual field3.The parvocellular system projects ventrally to the inferior temporal areas, which are involved in visual research, pattern recognition and visual object memory. The magnocellular system projects dorsally to the posterior parietal and superior temporal areas. These are specialized for motion information processing. The cerebral cortical areas to which the parvocelluar system projects receives virtually no vestibular afferents. Alternatively the cerebral areas to which the magnocelullar system projects receives significant vestibular and other sensory inputs. These are believed to be involved in maintaining spatial orientation. Research shows shows that the magnocellular system is more involved in Alzheimers disease3.Oddly, many individuals experience difficulties at low spatial frequencies instead of high frequencies as in old age. This suggests that areas controlling the low spatial frequency processing in the primary visual cortex would be affected more than those for higher frequencies processing39 After neuropathilogical studies in 1997 by Hof et al were carried out on brains with visual impairments they concluded that cortical atrophy dominated on the posterior parietal cortex and occipital lobe40Glaucoma is also a neurodegenerative disease that has similar effects on the visual system. Lowe r spatial frequencies in the contrast sensitivity, deficits in the blue short wavelength color range as well as reductions in motion perception are all linked to glaucomatous patients16. When patients diagnosed with Alzheimers disease also have glaucoma, the deterioration of vision related to glaucoma is much more rapid and progression is more aggressive than in people with glaucoma solely and not Alzheimers disease as well.19Glaucoma is different from Alzheimers disease in that it affects the visual function at the early sites of neural activity, namely, the retinal ganglion cells. Glaucoma destroys the afferent axons at the nerve fiber layer in the retina. This loss of axons ultimately leads to added atrophy further up the visual pathway due to decreased neuronal input. Alternatively Alzheimers disease impacts the cells that are located terminally or intermediary in the visual pathway of the brain. The result is again reduced neuronal input due to loss of nerve fibre connections a nd atrophy along the visual pathway. When the two diseases embody in the same individual together it can be seen that there is likely to be a greater disruption to the visual system20, one key difference between the two diseases is that they affect the visual pathway at different points. Glaucoma is a degenerative disease starting at the beginning of the visual pathway, whereas Alzheimers disease is a degenerative process starting relatively late in the visual pathway. When the two diseases coexist then the neuronal and functional losses of vision are cumulative.Optometric examination of dementia patientsDementia patients present special problems for optometrists. A standard eye test can be an audile to even the best of us. The patient is placed in an unfamiliar environment surrounded by unusual equipment, machinery and is subjected to probing questions about he medical annals which will inevitably tax their already flawed memory. Dementia patients are most likely to be from the e lderly. Therefore several difficulties are presented while conducting an ocular examination. The patient is required to maintain a position and has to maintain concentration throughout the testing procedures, which can be very difficult. Subjective examination requires responses from the patient, they are expected to remember and follow complex instructions given to them by the optometrist as well as make many precise judicial judgments in a short space of time. The multiple tasks required to be completed during the examination are often beyond dementia patients as they are limited by the disease. Therefore it is common that patients with even a minor microscope stage of dementia fail to provide valid answers, provide unpredictable responses to the indispensable examination and retreat into an apathetic state3,9.During the visual examination of Alzheimers disease patients, several key visual problems can be detected. Moderate dementia patients will often experience problems such as topographic agnosia, alexia without agraphia, visual agnosia and prospagnosia3. Such patients often cannot describe individual components of photos and single-valued functionly fail to recognize family members. The degree to which such problems are experienced is consistent with the level of cytochrome oxidase deficits in the associated cortical area. In conjunction with these problems dementia patients often have problems with texture discrimination and blue violet discrimination3.During examination of the elderly dementia patients there are two contradictory requirements, firstly is assurance. The patients responses will be delay and the patient may feel anxious in such an unfamiliar situation, therefore constant reassurance is required and they cannot be rushed. Alternatively time constraints are important, a dementia/elderly patient is likely to have a short attention span. Therefore the two factors above much be considered and balanced. The examination must be thorough yet carried out as quick as possible. Often when examining a dementia patient a family member of the carer must be present in order to aid the communication between optometrist and patient, for example difficulties are likely to occur when recording history and symptoms without a carer present. all factors need to be considered such as family history, medication, eye treatment and knowledge of any medical conditions and if so how long they have suffered from them.In terms of an outdoor(a) examination firstly, gross observations should be recorded for example does the patient have an abnormal head position or is there any lid tosis. many a(prenominal) external observations can also be detected with the aid of pupil reflexes. Upon carrying out the external examination the optometrist must be carful to explain on the button what each procedure will involve so as not to intimidate the patient.Internal examinationInternal examination of an elderly patient often presents many problems. Ol der patients tend to have constricted pupils and often opacities in the media such as cataract. Patients with dementia also show poor fixation as well as lack of concentration. Pupil dilation is often used to aid external examination however many older patients can have a poor response to the insertion of mydriatic eye drops.There have been many studies into the affects of diagnostic mydriatic and miotic drugs. Many studies have shown luxuriant mydriatic pupil response to trompicamide (a pupil dilating drug) in patients with Alzheimers disease when compared to control individuals.))) on the other hand studies into the use of Miotic drops, particularly Pilocarpine have shown an increased response of pupil constriction in Alzheimers disease patients in comparison to normal control patients. These findings suggest a defect in pupillary innervation with Alzheimers disease individuals. Studies of post mortem individuals with exaggerated mydriatic pupil responses to Tropicamide found a d efinte disruption to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus. The Edinger-Westphal nucleus is one of the key structures of the brain involved in the autonomic nervous system, it mediates the sympathetic and para-sympathetic pupil responses. Research by Scinto et al found amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in all individuals tested with luxuriant mydriatic pupil responses. The conclusion was that the Edinger-Westphal nucleus is targeted early in the progression of Alzheimers disease.In terms of intraocular pressures use of the goldman an Perkins tonometers will be limited for the elderly dementia patients, due to health an safety reasons. Sudden movements whilst carrying out pressure tests on such equipment may be dangerous. Therefore this can be spank to a degree by the use of handheld instruments such as the pulseair. However even with the pulseair problems can still be faces with uncooperative patients.Objective examinationWith uncooperative and awkward patients objective refracti on through retinosopy may be difficult. Factors such as opacified media, miotic pupils, and poor fixation will influence the trueness of the refraction. The recent introduction of hand held optometers has contributed to somewhat overcoming such problems. Instruments such as thee Nikon Retinomax are excellent for obtaining an objective refraction of the elderly patient with miotic pupils and unfixed media.When presenting the Snellen chart to a patient, the quality of their response will inevitably depend upon the degree of their dementia. Depending on which stage of dementia they are suffering from, responses could range from routine reading of the chart to no response at all. The later presents the optometrist with greater problems however a visual acuity can still be measured via other techniques.Treatment of Alzheimers diseaseAlzheimers disease is often widespread and a prevalent problem, however it is often an untreated disorder. A reason for this impairment to be overlooked cou ld be that visual function is typically only measured in terms of visual acuity in the majority of cases, which in Alzheimers patients is often normal. However, studies have shown that up to 60% of people with Alzheimers disease show deficits in on or multiple visual areas such as depth perception, motion perception, color discrimination or contrast sensitivity31, 32. Therefore detection and treatment of Alzheimers patients must include these other visual capacities and not only visual acuity tests.Deficits in depth perception have accurately been demonstrated in Alzheimers individuals33-37. adjust in this visual capacity is even seen at the early stages of Alzheimers disease, independently of the other visual capacities36. Impaired depth perception will inevitably cause problems in performing everyday tasks33,36 eg walking, cleaning and stair climbing. Motion perception is also a common deficit seen in Alzheimers disease41-45. Studies have shown that individuals with Alzheimers ta ke significantly longer to identify stationary objects that can be identified by motion cues41,43. A study by Rizzo et al42 found that 33% of Alzheimers patients had car accidents when put through a set of driving scenarios in a virtual simulator, compared to 0 accidents with non demented age grab participants. The decreased ability of Alzheimers patients to accurately process visual motion cues was a significant factor in avoiding accidents.Contrast sensitivity can be defined as the smallest difference in intensity that a person can resolve between an object and its immediate surround. Most elderly patients are impaired at high spatial frequencies. However Alzheimers sufferers are impaired at low spatial frequencies as well46,47,48,49-51. Problems with contrast sensitivity will have a subsequent impact on how a person with Alzheimers disease perceives their environment, and will adversely affect their ability to perform many everyday tasks such as dressing, washing and eating to n ame but a few. Contrast sensitivity problems cannot be cured or overcome by means such as optical correction through spectacles, medication or surgery. However individuals can be helped by environmental modifications.We will now go on to discuss a handful of simple environmental modifications that can be made for dementia patients in order to increase their quality of life. Firstly there are several key simple principles relating to colour and light that should always be considered when modifying a living area for a dementia individual.ColorLightUse sharply incompatible color between back ground and foreground.Always have even distribution of light indoors a elbow room.Use solid colors rather than stripes or multi color patterns.Good to have as much natural light as possible.Do not use like colors next to each otherMinimise glareTask lighting when applicablePlace light behind reading or television chair to enhance vision.In the bedroom the main point of concern is not to bump int o objects and not to expunge out of bed. Caregivers can also find it problematic to get the patient into their bedroom at the end of the day. Enhancing the contrast of objects in the bedroom will help patients to recognize areas of their room and intern make care givers jobs much easier during care. In order to draw the patient into a room in a common technique many institutions or caregivers use is to paint the furthest most wall in the bedroom in a contrasting color to the rest of the room, for example in a light colored room (magnolia) it would be advantageous to paint the far wall in a dark contrasting color such as brown. This will provide a depth cue for the patient and will encourage them to enter the bedroom. Once in the room dementia patients can often have problems locating the bed. Again this problem can be aided by a simple modification of victimization a bed spread that is of high contrast when compared to the surrounding walls and floor of the room. This simple modifi cation will draw the patient towards the bed and help prevent them from tripping or stumbling over the bed. Other simple tips can be to modify appliances within the bedroom such as telephones, clocks and radios with different colored buttons to encourage independence.The bathroom is another frequently used area within the household and there are many simple modifications that can be made within this area to aid the user. Firstly placing a fixed bath mat of the same color as the floor is a simple reusable modification. The matt with low contrast to the floor will decrease any depth perception problems and will aid the user when getting in and out of the bath tub. Also a fixed mat can be placed inside the bath tub, however in this case the matt should be of a contrasting color to the tub. The reasoning behind this is that the contrasting bath mat will provide a excellent depth cue for the user who would other wise would be unsure to about how deep the floor of the bath tub is. The b athroom can be a hazardous place for a dementia individual as there are many risks within this room especially the risk of hot water. Therefore an extremely important modification in the bathroom is to ensure all taps have different colored knobs on the hot and cold components. The colored taps will provide a color cue and help the user to distinguish between the two.The kitchen can be a dangerous place, especially for the elderly and dementia su

A Study On Badrinath Tourism Essay

A Study On Badrinath Tourism EssayNestled in the tone of the Nilkantha peak, in the northern Indian state of Uttarakhand, lies one the the most revered shrines for Hindu pilgrims Badrinath.Badrinath is in the Chamoli district of Uttarakhand, in the Garhwal hills, and lies on the banks of the Alakhnanda river.SignificanceThe town of Badrinath has constantly found a prominent mention in religious Hindu texts and scriptures and was established as a major pilgrimage site in the ordinal century by Adi Shankara. Mythology has it that Lord Vishnu had chosen this town for penance to en real the welf be of all beings. Badrinath is also one of the char dhams (the four abodes) that have dangerous religious significance amongst devout Hindus.AttractionsThe Badrinath Temple The temple, built by Adi Shankara, is the prominent attraction ofBadrinath and attracts thousands of envisionors every year who come to seek the divine blessings of Lord Vishnu. The primary(prenominal) shrine houses the balck stone idol of Lord Badrinarayan sitting under a gold canopy, under a Badri tree. Lord Badrinath is the presiding deity but there are several other deities that are worshipped at this temple. Tapt Kund Believed to be the abode of Agni, the Hindu God of fire, Tapt kund is a thermal spring that devotees take a holy dip before entering the Badrinath temple. The spring is also said to have curative properties.Other famous natural springs that can be found at Badrinath are Narad Kund and Suraj Kund.Brahma Kapal On the banks of the river Alakhnanda, this is where pilgrims perform rites for their departed near and dear ones.Sheshnetra This is a rock boulder with an impression of Sheshnag, a mythological serpent. You can also visit Charanpaduka a boulder that bears Lord Vishnus footprints.Alka Puri Is where the daring tourist goes in search of adventure. This place is famous for white water rafting.Panch Prayag While in Badrinath, be sure to visit the Panch Prayag, again of religiou s importance. Devprayag is famous for its rock inscriptions, Rudranath is famous for Chamunda Devi temple, Nandaprayag is known for the Gopalji temple, Karnaprayag for temples of Uma Karna and Vishnuprayag is the place where people flock to visit the Lord Vishnu temple.How to ReachYou could tent flap to Jolly Grant, about 300 km from Badrinath, and then hitch a bus ride to Badrinath. The nearest rail station is Rishikesh which is 297 km from Badrinath. Being aplace of religious significance, Badrinath is well connected by road to the tourist spots nearby namely Rishikesh, Haridwar Dheradun from where you could take a bus and ride to Badrinath. We suggest the bus ride as you will get to see breathtaking scenery on the way to Badrinath.

Advice On Wsh Legal Compliance Issues

Advice On Wsh Legal Compliance IssuesThe comp each is planning to confine up a rude(a) localize/factory/shipyard/worksite in Singapore. The new plant/factory/shipyard/worksite located in Tuas. The telephoner get out be recruiting a few hundred local and contradictory workers.The new plant/factory/shipyard/worksite utilizes the following items for its production processesMechanical and/or hydraulic machinesMaterial handling equipment much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as forklifts and/or reach trucksLifting equipment such as overhead cranes and/or tower cranesPressure vessels such as boilers, air receiver, steam receivers, etc.Laboratory facilities for testing and quality controlW behouses or storage yardsVarious types of hazardous chemicals and/or combustible substancesTaskThe task requires each candidate to submit a written report on advising on WSH ratified compliance issues basing on the above pips.Written ReportThe research project requires each candid ate to derive or collect from their workplace a portfolio of evidences on the following itemsIdentify the relevant and early(a) wakeless requirements applicable to safety and health issues. (PC1.1, UK1)Identify the WSH legal and early(a) responsibilities and liabilities of stakeholders. (PC1.2, UK2)Explain the WSH legal and separate responsibilities and liabilities to relevant stakeholders. (PC1.3) legislate with stakeholders on the implications of the WSH legal and other requirements in accordance with organizational procedures. (PC1.5, UK4) conform to workplace culture and practices relevant for the assessment of compliance with WSH legal and other requirements. (PC2.1, UK5)Identify gaps between workplace practices and the applicable WSH legal and other requirements. (PC2.2)Recommend actions to be taken by the relevant stakeholders to comply with WSH legal and other requirements. (PC2.3, UK7)Advise relevant stakeholders in the application of relevant permits, licenses, appr ovals and other legal documents from respective government agencies. (PC2.4, UK6, 8)Advise stakeholders ways to assists them in maintaining compliance with applicable WSH legal and other requirements. (PC2.5, UK9)Identify means of getting updated on new or revise WSH legal and other requirements in a timely manner. (PC3.1, UK10)Interpret the new or amended WSH legal and other requirements accurately. (PC3.2)Clarify with the relevant authorities on the interpretation of new or amended legal and other requirements where applicable. (PC1.4, 3.3 UK3, 12) deposit the applicability of new or amended WSH legal and other requirements to stakeholders who seek advice on WSH legal requirements. (PC3.4)Assess workplace compliance with the new or amended WSH legal and other requirements. (PC3.5, UK11, 12)Advise on requirement actions needed to comply with new or amended WSH legal and other requirements. (PC3.6)Identify the relevant and other legal requirements applicable to safety and health i ssues. (PC1.1, UK1)12. Clarify with the relevant authorities on the interpretation of new or amended legal and other requirements where applicable. (PC1.4, 3.3 UK3, 12) organization Agencies work ons and LegislationsArea of Application(Eg. mamma, SCDF, NEA, etc.)( put up list and titles of Acts and Regulations)(- Describe the application of each Act or Regulations. Also briefly explain what each of the Act and Regulations argon about)mammy body of work precaution And Health (Registration of Factories) Regulations 2008Any organization/ mortal who wants to occupy a piece of land or use both(prenominal) presumptuousnesss as a factory, falling deep down any of the screenes of factories described in Part I or II of the First Schedule, shall apply to the Commissi geniusr to point.The application (accompanied by particulars, information, statements and documents) to register the premise as a factory shall be sent to the Commissionerin such form and manner as he may require. The app lication has to be make at least one month before the factory starts operation.On receiving an application, the Commissioner will go through the details of application before deciding whether the premise is deem fit to be register as a factory. Upon successful application, the Commissioner will enter the factory in the register of factories and on successful defrayal of the fee stipulate in the Second Schedule, a certificate of registration will be issue to the applicant to certify the premise fit for operation. mammary glandWSH (General Provisions) Regulations 2006This regulation is applicable to all factories and all owners of pressure vessel.This regulation describes the general safety rules and requirements which occupiers need to comply with.For instance,Regulation 4 Overcrowding, which require occupier to learn that the workplace is non overcrowded so as to pose health and safety risk to the employeesRegulation 6 Lighting, which require occupier to maintain and provide adeq uate and fitted lighting, whether artificial or natural, for workers to engage in operation or walking.Regulation 10 Protection againstexcessive heat or cold and abusive radiations, which require the occupier take all reasonably feasible measures to crack that employees at are defended from excessive heat or cold and catastrophic radiations.Regulation 14 Electrical installationand equipment, which require occupier to ensure that galvanic installation and electrical equipment is of good made, non-faulty, well maintain and safe to use. Reasonably practicable measures have been taken by the occupier to protect against the risks of electric shock arising from or in connection with the use at work of any electrical installation or equipment in the factory.Etc.MOMWSH (First Aid) Regulations 2006This regulation is applicable to all factories, laboratories, ship in harbour, premises in spite of appearance airport.This regulation describe what are the general requirements of a first aid box (what are the approved items, effect of first aid boxes required against the number of employees), the requirements of first aider within the workplace, the number of first aider required within the workplace against the number of workers, and the general requirements for a first aid room.MOMWSH (Risk focussing) Regulations 2006This regulation is applicable to all workplaces covered on a lower floor the First Schedule of the Act.This regulation specifies that risk an assessment has to be carried out at workplaces, with the RA documented and maintained. From the RA, what are the protective and control measures implemented to protect employees against the hazards and risks identified.MOMWSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations 2006This regulation is applicable to all workplaces.This regulation requires occupier to report any accident/ ensuant that result in injuries (injuries that resulting in more than 3 days MC or hospitalization for 1 day) and/or deaths, any dangerous occu rrence (such as toppling of scaffold, toppling of tower crane, bursting of PUB gas pipe during excavation, etc.) and any occupational diseases suffered by an employee at the workplace.MOMWSH (Safety and Health Management System and Auditing) Regulations 2009This regulation is applicable to all factories.This regulation describes1) The requirements to be approved as a workplace safety and health auditor. 2) The requirement of factories to at a lower placego a third party audit (approved auditor by MOM) on the safety and health system.MOMWSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) Regulations 2008This regulation is applicable to all factories.This regulation requires factories to form a WSH committee (the general requirements stated), whereby meeting should be carried to discuss on the health and safety issues within the workplace. The function of WSH committee is also clearly defined below this regulation.SCDFFire Safety Act Section 20 Fire security measuresThis act is applicable to owner or occupier of any public buildings such as offices, hospitals, shopping complexes, industrial buildings and private residential buildings that fall within a specified criterion.The Fire Certificate Scheme is to ensure that fire safety systems and fire safety measures are properly maintained, in good working presumption and tested in accordance with the relevant codes of practices.SCDFFire Safety (Fire apprehension Plan) RegulationsThis regulation is applicable to premises that are designated or fall within the class of premises designated by the Minister chthonic Section 21(1) of the Act.This regulation describe the requirements of a emergency response plan within the workplace, which include, designation of one or more places within or outside the premises which is capable of accommodating all the occupants of the premises and which poses the least danger to the occupants of the premises in the outcome of fire to be used as an assembly area the need of a fire safety committee up to date records relating to reviews of the Fire Emergency Plan conduct of fire evacuation drills fire safety programmes are kept and maintained, etc.SCDFFire Safety (Petroleum and Flammable Materials) regulations License to put in or keep rock oil or flammable materials.This regulation is applicable to premises that require to store or keep any petroleum or flammable material or both(prenominal) at any premises shall be made by the person intending to store or keep the petroleum or flammable material or both.This regulation states that no occupier shall store or keep, or cause to be stored or kept, any class of petroleum or any flammable material except(a) in or on premises licensed for the storage or keeping of such petroleum or flammable material(b) in such quantities and in such manner and subject to such conditions as may be prescribed in relation to such petroleum or flammable material and(c) under the authority of and in accordance with the provisions of a li cence from the Commissioner and either condition specified therein.SCDFFire Safety (Petroleum and Flammable Materials) regulations License to moment petroleum or flammable materials.This regulation is applicable to occupier who wants to import of any class of petroleum or any flammable material in excess of the respective quantities specified in the Second Schedule.The regulations require the person importing such petroleum or flammable material to hold a licence from the Commissioner to import such petroleum or flammable material and the person does non hold such a valid licence.Singapore Police ForceArms and Explosives (Explosive Precursors) Rules 2007 License to store explosive precursors.This regulation is applicable to occupier who wants to store explosive precursorsfor operation purposes.Singapore Police ForceArms and Explosives (Explosive Precursors) Rules 2007 Ad hoc license to import/export explosive precursors.This regulation is applicable to occupier who wants to impor t/export explosive precursors.The regulation requires the applicant to hold a dealers license before applying for a license to import or export arms or explosives.NEAEnvironmental Protection and Management (Hazardous Substances) (Amendment) Regulations 2009 Permission to store and use hazardousSubstances.This regulation is applicable to a person who keeps or has in possession or under his control any hazardous substances specified in the Schedule.The regulation specify that the person shall be authorized to store and use hazardous substances under a permit or a license granted under section 22 of the Act to deal in hazardous substances under his possession. The person issued with the permit shall keep a record of the quantity of such substances and stored in a container based on the purpose or purposes stated in the permit. The container is designed, constructed and maintained in accordance with the code of practice and clearly labeled with restricted access to authorized personnel only.HSAPoisons Act, Chapter 234 Poisons LicenceThis regulation is applicable to a person who import, possess for sale, sell or offer for sale any poisons.Form A Poisons Licence is issued under the Poisons Act to allow the licensee to import, store and sell poisons by way of wholesale at the premises stated in the licence.The licensee for Form A Poisons Licence must be working full time for the company and be given the responsibilities and accountabilities for all poisons transactions.PUBSewerage and Drainage (Trade Effluent) RegulationsThis regulation is applicable to factories.This regulation specifies the discharge limit and contents requirement of trade sewer water that is coming out from the factories operation. The requirement of treating the trade effluent (installation of a treatment plant) before discharging the effluent and installing such sampling test points, gazeion chambers, beat devices, and recording and other apparatuses for monitoring.Identify the WSH legal and other responsibilities and liabilities of stakeholders. (PC1.2, UK2)Explain the WSH legal and other responsibilities and liabilities to relevant stakeholders. (PC1.3)Stakeholder (Organization Job position)Legal Responsibilities / Companys Job DescriptionLiabilitiesPenalties / OffencesList and find out at least FOURstakeholders in the company eg. Principal (WSH Manager) Subcontractor (ABC Construction Pte Ltd) Rigger (Tan Ah Seng) etcDescribe and elaborate each stakeholder legal responsibilities as well as those set by the company in their job description.Elaborate the liabilities, penalties, and discourtesys of each stakeholder as stipulated for the legislations)Occupier( billet Diector under the name Avnetis Pharma Mfg Pte Ltd)Legal responsibilitiesIt shall be the affair of every occupier of any workplace to take, so far as is reasonably practicable, such measures to ensure thata) the workplaceb) all means of access to or bulge out from the workplace andc) any machinery, equip ment, plant, article or substance kept on the workplace, are safe and without risks to health to every person within those premises, whether or not the person is at work or is an employee of the occupier.Company main HSE responsibilitiesThe Site Director has overall responsibility for the effective implementation of the HSE Policy.In compliance with the law, the Site Director shall1. Ensure the workplaces entrances and exits and any equipment, machinery, plant, article or substances are accessible, safe and risk-free.2. Ensure the safety and health of his employees and personnel who may be indirectly impact in the workplace.WSH (General Provision) Regulations pretty not particular(a) $20,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceptional(a) 2 years or to bothWSH (Registration of Factories) Regulations very well not prodigious $3,000WSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations1st law-breaking Fine of not exceeding $5,0002ndand incidental offences Fine of not exceeding $10,000 or to impri sonment for a term not exceeding 6 months or to bothWSH (Risk Management) Regulations1stoffence Fine of not exceeding $10,0002ndand subsequent offences Fine of not exceeding $20,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months or to bothWSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) RegulationsFirst offence Fine of not exceeding $10,000Second or subsequent offence $20,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months or to bothWSH (Confined Spaces) RegulationsFine not exceeding $20,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years or to bothWSH (Workplace Safety and Health Officers) RegulationsFirst offence $10,000Continuing offence a pass on fine not exceeding $1,000 for every day or part thereof during which the offence continues after conviction.Factories (Noise) RegulationsFines not exceeding $5,000Fire Safety ActFines not exceeding $5,000Fire Safety (Building Fire Safety) RegulationsFine not exceeding $10,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 mon ths or bothEnvironmental Protection and Management (Hazardous Substances) (Amendment) RegulationsFine not exceeding $30,000or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years or bothContinuing offence a further fine not exceeding $1,000 for everyday or part thereof during which the offence continues after conviction.Environmental Public Health ActFine not exceeding $10,000 and in the case of a continuing offence, the sum of $500 for every day or part thereof during which the offence continues after convictionEmployers(HODs)1) It shall be the duty of every employer to take, so far as is reasonably practicable, such measures as are necessary to ensure the safety and health of his employees at work.2) It shall be the duty of every employer to take, so far as is reasonably practicable, such measures as are necessary to ensure the safety and health of persons (not being his employees) who may be affected by any lying-in carried on by him in the workplace.3) For the purposes of subsectio n (1), the measures necessary to ensure the safety and health of persons at work include a) providing and maintaining for those persons a work environment which is safe, without risk to health, and adequate as regards facilities and arrangements for their offbeat at workb) ensuring that adequate safety measures are taken in respect of any machinery, equipment, plant, article or process used by those personsc) ensuring that those persons are not exposed to hazards arising out of the arrangement, disposal, manipulation, organization, processing, storage, transport, working or use of things i) in their workplace orii) near their workplace and under the control of the employerd) ontogeny and implementing procedures for dealing with emergencies that may arise while those persons are at work ande) ensuring that the person at work has adequate instruction, information, training and supervision as is necessary for that person to perform his work.4) Every employer shall, where required by the regulations, give to persons (not being his employees) the prescribed information about such aspects of the way in which he conducts his undertaking as might affect their safety or health while those person are at his workplace.Company main HSE responsibilities1. Providing a safe and berthful workplace.2. Establishing a committee or designating a representative as needed.3. Consulting and cooperating with the committee or reperesntative.4. Providing the information and training needed to protect the health and safety of workers.5. Ensuring that supervisors are competent and that supervisors provide competent supervision.6. Arranging the regular examination of the workplace, tools and equipment to ensure their safety.7. Ensuring that tools, machinery and equipment are properly maintained.8. Enabling a committee or representative to inspect the workplace regularly.9. Promptly correcting unsafe conditions and activities reported by the committee or representative.10. Ensuring tha t the committee or representative investigates reportable accidents and dangerous occurrences.WSH (General Provision) RegulationsFine not exceeding $20,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years or to bothWSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations1stoffence Fine of not exceeding $5,0002ndand subsequent offences Fine of not exceeding $10,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months or to bothWSH (Risk Management) Regulations1stoffence Fine of not exceeding $10,0002ndand subsequent offences Fine of not exceeding $20,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months or to bothWSH (Confined Spaces) RegulationsFine not exceeding $20,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years or to bothFactories (Noise) RegulationsFines not exceeding $5,000Environmental Protection and Management (Hazardous Substances) (Amendment) RegulationsFine not exceeding $30,000or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years or bothContinuing offence a further fine not excee ding $1,000 for everyday or part thereof during which the offence continues after conviction.Employees(Chemical Technician, Mechanical Technician, Logistic personnel, etc.)Legal responsibilities1) It shall be the duty of every person at worka) to use in such manner so as to provide the protection intended, any suitable appliance, protective clothing, convenience, equipment or other means or thing provided (whether for his use alone or for use by him in common with others) for securing his safety, health and welfare while at work andb) to co-operate with his employer or principal and any other person to such extent as will enable his employer, principal or the other person, as the case may be, to comply with the provisions of this Act.2) No person at work shall willfully or recklessly interfere with or misuse any appliance, protective clothing, convenience, equipment or other means or thing provided (whether for his use alone or for use by him in common with others) pursuant to any requirement under this Act for securing the safety, health or welfare of persons (including himself) at work.3) Any person at work who, without reasonable cause, willfully or recklessly does any act which endangers the safety or health of himself or others shall be guilty of an offence.Company main HSE responsibilities1. Taking reasonable grapple to protect their health and safety and that of other workers.2. Cooperating with employers, supervisors, committee members and representatives.3. Using safe work procedures, safeguards, and personnel protective equipment.4. Reporting potential hazards or risks to the employer immediately.5. Knowing and complying with health and safety requirements.6. Refraining form harassment.WSH (General Provision) RegulationsFine not exceeding $20,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years or to bothWSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations1stoffence Fine of not exceeding $5,0002ndand subsequent offences Fine of not exceeding $10,000 or to impr isonment for a term not exceeding 6 months or to bothWSH (Risk Management) Regulations1stoffence Fine of not exceeding $10,0002ndand subsequent offences Fine of not exceeding $20,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months or to bothWSH (Confined Spaces) RegulationsFine not exceeding $20,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years or to bothEnvironmental Protection and Management (Hazardous Substances) (Amendment) RegulationsFine not exceeding $30,000or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years or bothContinuing offence a further fine not exceeding $1,000 for everyday or part thereof during which the offence continues after conviction.WSH (Workplace Safety and Health Committees) RegulationsFirst offence Fine of not exceeding $10,000Second or subsequent offence $20,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months or to bothDuties of persons who erect, install or modify machinery or equipment and persons in control of machinery for use at work.( company engage contractors)1) It shall be the duty of any person who erects, installs or modifies any machinery or equipment for use at work to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, that the machinery or equipment is erected, installed or modify in such a manner that it is safe, and without risk to health, when properly used.2) The duty imposed on a person erecting, installing or modifying any machinery or equipment under subsection (1) shall apply only if the machinery or equipment is erected, installed or modified in the course of the persons trade, business, profession or undertaking.3) Any person required under subsection (1) to ensure that any machinery or equipment is erected, installed or modified in such a manner that it is safe, and without risk to health, when properly used shall be regarded as having complied with that subsection to the extent that a) the person ensured, so far as is reasonably practicable, that the erection, installation or modification was in ac cordance with the information supplied by the designer, manufacturer or supplier of the machinery or equipment regarding its erection, installation or modification andb) it is reasonable for the person to rely on that information.4) Where any machinery moved by mechanical power is used in any workplace, then notwithstanding anything in this Act, it shall be the duty of the owner of the machinery to ensure a) so far as is reasonably practicable, that the machinery is maintained in a safe condition andb) that the precautions (if any) to be taken for the safe use of the machinery and the health hazards (if any) associated with the machinery is available to any person using the machinery.5) Where the owner of any machinery moved by mechanical power has entered into a contract of hire or lease with a hirer or lessee, the duty imposed under subsection (4) shall apply to the hirer or lessee of the machinery instead of the owner.6) Where the owner, hirer or lessee of any machinery moved by mechanical power has entered into a contract with another(prenominal) person to maintain the machinery, the duty under subsection (4)(a) shall apply to that other person instead of the owner, hirer or lessee of the machinery.7) Subsections (1), (2) and (3) shall apply only to machinery or equipment specified in Part I of the Fifth Schedule.Company main HSE responsibilitiesIn compliance with the law, contractors shall1. Supply safety precautions to be taken for the proper use and maintenance of the machinery, equipment or hazardous substance.2. Specify any health hazards associated with the machinery, equipment or hazardous substance.3. Supply information relating to and the results of any tests or examinations of the machinery, equipment or hazardous substances is tested and examined to ensure safety when properly used.WSH (General Provision) RegulationsFine not exceeding $20,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years or to bothWSH (Incident Reporting) Regulations1sto ffence Fine of not exceeding $5,0002ndand subsequent offences Fine of not exceeding $10,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months or to bothWSH (Risk Management) Regulations1stoffence Fine of not exceeding $10,0002ndand subsequent offences Fine of not exceeding $20,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 6 months or to bothWSH (Confined Spaces) RegulationsFine not exceeding $20,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years or to bothEnvironmental Protection and Management (Hazardous Substances) (Amendment) RegulationsFine not exceeding $30,000or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years or bothContinuing offence a further fine not exceeding $1,000 for everyday or part thereof during which the offence continues after conviction.Communicate with stakeholders on the implications of the WSH legal and other requirements in accordance with organizational procedures. (PC1.5, UK4)(- List and describe THREE different types of communication channels emp loyed in by your company. Show evident or data. Eg. Appendix Minimum 100 words)In workplaces, Safety communication is essential to employees so that they are aware of the effects of Workplace Safety and Health so as to seek encouragement from them to contribute actively to Workplace Safety and Health. Contributions from the employees will only be effective if they still their roles and responsibilities and be competent in their work tasks.In Sanofi Aventis, the following communication channels are employed to pass on the information and messages to employeesE-mailsWhenever there is a safety-related issue and/or article send down by Corporate, the information will be forwarded to all HODs so that they can passed down the information to the staffs within their department.Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) Notice BoardWhenever there is an incident/accident that has happened in other site within the corporate, a report of the incident/accident will be put up on the notice board to a llow employees locally to learn of the issue so that the same situation will not be repeated.HSE Committee meetingDuring the HSE committee meeting, issues on workplace health, safety and environment will be discussed, reviewed and ideas on how to improve them will be exchanged during the meeting. The discussions will be minute down and send to the committees so that they can pass down the information to other colleagues in their department.Gather workplace information and practices relevant for the assessment of compliance with WSH legal and other requirements. (PC2.1, UK5)Identify gaps between workplace practices and the applicable WSH legal and other requirements. (PC2.2)Recommend actions to be taken by the relevant stakeholders to comply with WSH legal and other requirements. (PC2.3, UK7)Name Description of Elements (SMS) or Practices (CP)Company Practices / GapsLegal Requirements / Code of PracticeComplianceY / NRecommended Actions(- List at least FIVEpractices or Elements of Sa fety Management System. Briefly describe each practice or element.Eg. Permit-to-work, Safety Training, etc. Provide evidence such as examples, attachments, appendices, data, or documentation for

Disneys Effect on Society and Culture Essay -- essays papers

Disneys Effect on Society and Culture For nearly seven decades incarnate Disney has dazzled its audiences generation after generation have been entertained through avenues ranging from movies to elaborate theme parks. composition many find this massive establishment to be a significant part of American culture and welcome the Disney spirit with open arms, one man in particular looks past the hype and into his deliver theory of the Disney Corporation. Carl Hiaasen, a journalist for the Miami Herald, paints a witty and sarcastic portrait in this nonfiction account of a company. Hiaasen critizises the company for manifesting evil, enveloping perfection to a sickening extent, and whos sole purpose is to inhale as much money as feasibly possible. The book opens with Times Square-an area home to many things MTV, Morgan Stanley, the worlds largest Mariot Hotel, the hybridization Center for the Performing Arts, and Pee p Land, as well as the glittering new Disney Store. Hiaasen provides an interesting perspective, claiming Disney is out to vanquish sleaze in its unholiest fountainhead, Times Square.(2) While to some this intrusion of the new Disney Store is obtrusive, to many it is the beginning of a turn around for this otherwise less than clean, corrupt area within our clubhouse called Times Square. Hiaasen continues his bleak opinion of the company by claiming, Disney is so good at being good that it manifests an evil...

Animals’ Rights? Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Animals Rights?Animals flock about nature going on with their casual lives eating, mating, playing, and hiding. Hiding from what? someone might ask. They argon hiding from the predators that roam the earth as if it is only theirs to move about freely without deferenceing the other inhabitants of the earth. These predators be cognise as humans. Many of these predators have taken the lives of many faunas selfishly and disrespectfully. Some animal species have been killed by the hundreds each year, many times for the purpose of displace money in the pocket of the killers. Some animals have been wounded and not retrieved and therefore left to die in agony. This must stop and there are some reasons why.If all of the animals were gone, then they could not reproduce and would not survive as an ongoing species. Humans could not survive without animals for food and shelter. Killing these animal species off without any purpose but for the pleasure of hunting and for the small portion of m oney earned thereafter. This leads to the belief that a certain amount of respect has been lost for animals. This respect that I am trying to give to the animals is in the sense that humans will do almost anything to ensure that life continues for them for as long and prosperous as possible. Plants will grow back and animals reproduce, but something must exist if it is to reproduce. We as humans do not see this problem. When I speak for the humans I am speaking for the majority of people who do not realize that this is a problem. However, I believe that some do understand the reality behind excessive amounts of hunting. There are those, however, who see nothing except for the animal that stands in front of them and the weapon they hold. Those who stan... ...en every year. hunting them within the set limits has leaded in the decrease of these accidents and it has also regulated the deer population. Without these rules however, animal species are at risk. Humans have become predat ors of everything that exist. Animal, plants, and the earth are prey for the humans. The amount that the humans use of each has drastically increased. The earth was made for the humans to look after and humans are not doing a very good job of keeping it fit for survival. Of course, not all humans act in this way nor do they believe that this is how the human feed has developed. Remember that animals and humans both live on the earth and though it may be human nature to hunt for our survival, over-hunting many of these animals will result in our extinction, especially when many of the animals that we use for food and shelter cease to exist.