Gender issues and changes at work facing human resource management and Essay

Sexual orientation issues and changes at work confronting human asset the executives and advancing correspondence at work through decent variety - Essay Example One significant actuality to address is one that asks an investigation into why ladies neglect to climb the business chain of importance. One potential clarification has to do with the observation that ladies don't fit in with the customary male profile. This is generally pervasive in the decision of work brought about by youngsters which means future grown-up business desires. As youngsters vocation decisions are guided by side interests, ranges of abilities and the idea that a few professions are more alluring than others. In this manner, the conventional sexual orientation jobs play a critical standard. Female youngsters will in general seek to work with fits the customary sex jobs of ladies being utilized in a docile position while male kids will in general try business which places men in predominant positions, for example, that of upper level administrative positions. This inclination in the rating procedure may prompt subjecâ ¬tive determination and advancement choices. Indeed, in a HRM study on work place decent variety and the choice to advance people inside an association demonstrates that subjectivity assumes an indispensable job. Different hindrances refered to by this overview incorporate absence of formative presentation and encounters gave to ladies, and choice through verbal exchange organizing from current male representatives. Furâ ¬ther, the vast majority of these associations steer their ladies emâ ¬ployees into staff positions.

Protect Our Environment Essay

Losing my future isn't care for losing a political race or a couple of focuses on the securities exchange. I am here to represent all ages to come. I am here to talk for the benefit of the destitute kids the world over whose cries go unheard. I am here to represent the incalculable creatures biting the dust over this planet since they have no place left to go. We can't stand to be not heard. I am reluctant to go out in the sun now as a result of the gaps in the ozone. I am hesitant to inhale the air since I don’t comprehend what synthetic compounds are in it. In my life, I have longed for seeing the incredible groups of wild creatures, wildernesses and rainforests brimming with winged animals and butterfilies, yet now I wonder in the event that they will even exist for my youngsters to see. This is occurring before our eyes but then we go about as though we have constantly we need and all the arrangements. I’m just a kid and I don’t have all the arrangements, yet I need you to acknowledge, neither do you! * You don’t realize how to fix the openings in our ozone layer. * You don’t realize how to bring salmon back up a dead stream. * You don’t realize how to bring back a creature now wiped out. What's more, you can’t bring back timberlands that once developed where there is presently desert. On the off chance that you don’t realize how to fix it, it would be ideal if you quit breaking it! Here, you might be representatives of your administrations, agents, coordinators, journalists or poiticia ns †however you are moms and fathers, siblings and sister, aunties and uncles †and every one of you are somebody’s youngster. I’m just a kid yet I realize we are all piece of a family, five billion in number, truth be told, 30 million species solid and we as a whole offer a similar air, water and soil †fringes and governments will never change that. I’m just a youngster yet I realize we are all in this together and should go about as one single world towards one single objective. Numerous individuals state there is a need to ensure the earth, however don't generally put forth any attempt to take care of business. Is it accurate to say that you are one of these individuals? What would we be able to never really individuals to make a move to ensure the earth? The vast majority are progressively mindful of the need to ensure our condition. Regardless of this, relatively few of us are truly finding a way to lessen our effect on the planet. In this paper, I will recommend a few stages every one of us can take and a few different ways to persuade others to do likewise. Numerous natural issues appear to be large to the point that lone governments, neighborhood specialists or enormous organizations can manage them. One model is a worldwide temperature alteration. We need government activity to lessen discharges from coal and oil copying power stations and to create more secure wellsprings of intensity. These require intense guidelines and tremendous venture. The loss of woodlands and other living space is another issue. By what means can we as people stop the pulverization of the Amazon or Indonesian downpour woods? One more model is squander. At the point when individuals live in urban areas, they may not be capable store or reuse squander, so enormous landfills or incinerators are required. In any case, as shoppers, we are the ones answerable for every one of these issues. Above all else, we as a whole need to devour less force. We have to kill lights, supplant wasteful bulbs with low-power ones, and not leave hardware on reserve. Besides, we have to control our flooding populaces. Every one of us can settle on a choice in regards to family measure. This hugy affects the size of our urban communities and the requirement for food and progressively rural land. Likewise, we have to think about eating not so much meat but rather more vegetables and organic product, so as to lessen the measure of land required for meat. For the most part, the fundamental advance we have to take is to live more just. We have to diminish our utilization, reuse, and reuse. Taking everything into account, our decisions, anyway little, do have a genuine effect. On the off chance that every one of us caused found a way to live more to just, envision the beneficial outcome on the planet!

Primal Fear – Psychology Connections

? Brain science 101 Spring 2010 Midterm Please answer the accompanying inquiries dependent on the data contained in the film and spot in the drop box no later than 11:59 p. m. on FRIDAY 03/12/10; The film, Primal Fear is a mental court wrongdoing dramatization dependent on William Diehl’s epic of a similar name. Steve Shagan and Ann Biderman composed the movie’s adjusted screenplay, which was enlivened by chief Gregory Hoblit and discharged in 1996. Richard Gere stars as Martin Vail, a popular resistance lawyer who volunteers to speak to a little youngster blamed for homicide. Edward Norton plays the character of Aaron Stampler, a young change kid accused of the abhorrent homicide of Archbishop Richard Rushman; who is depicted by Stanley Anderson. Colleague District Attorney (and ex of Martin Vail) Janet Venable; played by Laura Linney, is alloted to arraign Aaron’s murder case. Frances McDormand is given a role as Doctor Molly Arrington, the Psychologist who finds that Aaron experiences Multiple Personality Disorder and has a substitute character; a brutal sociopath who calls himself Roy. Supporting exhibitions: Alfre Woodard depicts Miriam Shoat, the Judge who manages Aaron’s preliminary procedures. John Mahoney is given a role as John Shaughnessy, Chicago’s District Attorney. The darling Archbishop of Chicago is ruthlessly killed in an abhorrent estate; violently wounded on various occasions, with letters and numbers cut into his chest, his fingers hacked off and eyes gouged out. Aaron Stampler is found escaping the location of the wrongdoing, canvassed in the Archbishop’s blood. After a broad pursue, the police inevitably get and catch Stampler. Criminal resistance lawyer Martin Vail watched the live man chase on TV; seeing an open door for exposure, Vail immediate met with Aaron and elected to speak to his case. Vail examined Aaron regarding the occasions that happened before he was accused of The Archbishop’s murder. Aaron asserts that he found the mangled body of the perished Bishop Rushman while endeavoring to restore a book to Rushman’s library. Aaron additionally observed saw somebody remaining over The Archbishop’s body, who at that point assaulted him; the last occasion he reviews before his memory passed out. Nicknamed â€Å"The Butcher Boy† by the media, apparently Aaron is now assumed blameworthy by people in general. Martin Vail quickly begins the arrangement of Aaron’s guard by social occasion data about Aaron Stampler and Archbishop Rushman; Vail additionally arranges a full mental assessment of Aaron. Associate District Attorney Janet Venable is selected to the arraignment Aaron’s case; in the interest of the state, she accuses Stampler of first degree murder and looks for capital punishment as discipline. Janet Venable isn't just the arraigning lawyer in Aaron’s trail, yet in addition Martin Vail’s ex. Upon Vail’s examination of The Archbishop, he finds that Rushman put away cash in the interest of the Roman Catholic Church which brought about enormous misfortunes of cash to the city’s most influential individuals; Vail additionally learned of the various demise dangers that were made to The Archbishop. While trying to locate the specific reason for his dark out and memory misfortune, Psychologist Molly Arrington plays out a careful mental assessment of Aaron. She finds that long stretches of misuse have made Aaron build up various character issue; Roy, Aaron’s adjust personality is acquainted with the crowd. Martin experiences another of Rushman’s Altar young men, who blames The Archbishop for sexual maltreatment and cases that such occasions can be demonstrated by video recording; this reveals the evil truth of Rushman’s satanic insider facts. Vail finds the video in The Archbishop’s home; the tape shows Rushman compelling Aaron, his better half Linda and the other Altar kid to take an interest in unpleasant sexual acts. Vail hurries to the prison cell, goes up against Aaron with his disclosure, and blames him for concealing reality; Vail brutally badgers Aaron, endeavoring to constrain an admission of blame. After ceaseless provocation from Vail, Aaron snaps, causing his substitute persona â€Å"Roy† to surface and retaliate against Vail. We discover that â€Å"Roy† executed The Archbishop and Aaron is genuinely crazy. Martin Vail can't change Aaron’s preliminary supplication from â€Å"not guilty† to â€Å"guilty by reason of mental insanity†, Vail must think of proof that will demonstrate Aaron’s blamelessness. During the preliminary procedures, witnesses are addressed and Aaron is questioned by Martin Vail and Janet Venable. Martin endeavors to outrage Aaron with the expectation that it will trigger the presence of â€Å"Roy†. After no achievement, Vail is done addressing Aaron and Venable starts to get some information about his inclusion in The Bishop’s murder. Aaron gets chafed with Venable’s questions and disposition, he loses control of his indignation and â€Å"Roy† replaces Aaron while on the testimony box. â€Å"Roy† curses at Venable, hops from his seat and assaults Janet; taking steps to break the A. D. A. ’s neck. The court officer’s inevitably pry â€Å"Roy† from Venable and she is liberated from hurt. â€Å"Roy† is bound, taken from the court and secured back in his prison cell. Judge Shoat articulates Aaron Stampler restoratively sick and the preliminary is proclaimed a legal blunder. Martin Vail goes to Aaron’s cell and transfers the uplifting news; he won't be indicted for homicide or face capital punishment and will rather be put in an emotional well-being office. After leaving the prison cell, Vail is addressed by Aaron, who thinks about whether Ms. Venable’s neck is alright, and needs Vail to advise her he’s sorry for attempting to hurt her. Vail gestures, and starts leaving the cell and goes to the acknowledgment that since the character of â€Å"Roy† took over Aaron’s mind while in court, he was unable to have thought about his rough assault on Janet. Vail understands that this implies Aaron was faking his elective personas and he fooled everybody into accepting his guiltlessness. Vail questions Aaron who admits to the manufacture of his whole demonstration and cases that he killed Archbishop Rushman without a second thought and pulled off it. Martin Vail acknowledges he helped Aaron pull off homicide; anyway he says nothing and gradually strolls from the prison onto the road outside. â€Å"Primal Fear’s† principle character is criminal safeguard lawyer Martin Vail. Vail is a nonchalant, smug, self important lawful superstar; he displays his achievements, presumption and appreciates seeing his name in the features. When Vail finds a prominent homicide case including the mutilation of an Archbishop, he races at the chance to guard Aaron Stampler, the young kid blamed for the wrongdoing. Vail’s character defects are in a flash introduced to the crowd, at first depicting a narcissist who’s just put resources into guarding Aaron for individual addition. After their associations, Vail is grieved by his conviction that Aaron is honest. Martin Vail is propelled into unselfishness by the immaculateness of Aaron Sampler. We start to see the intricacy of Martain Vail’s character, and the multi-measurements of his character. In the wake of enjoying hard alcohol at a bar with a correspondent, a real to life discussion permits the crowd to watch a very legit and earnest look at the genuine ethics which rouse Martin Vail. During this powerless second, Vail proclaims that he genuinely puts stock in the thought that all individuals are honest until demonstrated liable, in the essential decency of individuals; and he has confidence that not all violations are submitted by awful individuals, some incredibly, great individuals do some awful things. Making a decision about Martin Vail’s introductory activities during the beginning of the film would bring about a negative feeling Vail; we consider him to be narrow minded, critical and degenerate. Be that as it may, as Aaron’s story unwinds and shrouded insider facts are uncovered, we see Vail’s â€Å"multiple personalities†, and he advances into an individual with equitable ethics and thought processes. â€Å"Primal Fear† has various casualties who endured as a result of the activities of different characters. The underlying casualty is Archbishop Rushman who is the survivor of Aaron’s murder. In any case, another point of view could guarantee that Aaron was the casualty of Bishop Rushman’s sexual maltreatment. Martin Vail could be viewed as a casualty of Aaron’s wicked execution that deceived Vail and the court into having faith in his madness and blamelessness. However, the underlying popularity cherishing conduct of Martin Vail and the narrow minded thought processes which urged his enthusiasm to speak to Aaron Stampler was beguiling and Aaron’s wellbeing were abused to all the more likely advantage Vail; these activities deceive Aaron. Brain science is utilized in â€Å"Primal Fear† from numerous points of view. The movie’s fundamental characters create with multifaceted nature and are multidimensional in their feelings and practices. The film’s slogan; â€Å"sooner or later a man who wears two countenances overlooks which one is real†, clarifies this thought best. Our primary characters all have different â€Å"faces†, and as the plot of Primal Fear grows, each character is confronted with disclosures and disclosures that change their thoughts and adjust their ethical convictions. Juxtaposition is actually detonating from each scene of this film; and brain research can assist us with understanding the inspirations driving the characters activities. Martin Vail is at first a self fixated, acclaim chasing, vain superstar legal counselor; who just does things that advantage him. As the film creates, occasions cause Vail to uncover the more genuine pieces of his inspirations; as the result of Aaron’s preliminary looks horrid, Vail truly depicts another side of his character and we see a man who really has faith in the honesty of Aa

The Truth Behind the Alien Reptile Hoax

In 1990, a former British soccer player named David Icke began sharing his psychic visions with the world. According to Icke, our planet is secretly being controlled by a race of humanoid reptiles from the Alpha Draconis star system, 300 light years away. Not only do these reptoids or reptilians live underground beneath the earths major cities, Icke contends, but they drink human blood and have the ability to shape-shift. Sadly, most of the worlds leaders have already been co-opted by these evil reptiles; Icke and his followers believe that former president George W. Bush and Queen Elizabeth II are both reptoids in disguise. Of course, Icke isnt the first person in history to ascribe supernatural powers to reptiles. Snake- and crocodile-like gods are common in ancient mythology, and there were some notable pop-culture reptilian references that preceded Icke (and may, in fact, have directly influenced his philosophy). In 1983, the hugely successful TV miniseries V featured an invasion by conniving alien reptiles disguised as humanoids. After Icke appeared on the scene, the most famous fictional reptilian is arguably the snake-like Voldemort from the Harry Potter books; however, theres no evidence that J.K. Rowling even knows who David Icke is. Are Reptoids Really Intelligent Dinosaurs? Its unclear whether or not Icke believes that his alien reptoids descended from, or were somehow responsible for, the dinosaurs that roamed the earth until 65 million years ago. However, bizarre conspiracy theories have a way of rapidly mutating, and the Icke cult has spawned a subset of enthusiasts who believe that dinosaurs didnt, in fact, go extinct, but evolved into super-intelligent reptoids—so super-intelligent, in fact, that theyve managed to evade detection to this day, except (perhaps) by ex-footballers prone to psychic visions. These conspiracy theorists have received an unintentional boost from North Carolina State paleontologist Dale Russell, who in 1982 published a paper speculating about what might have become of the dinosaur Troodon had the K/T Extinction not happened. Since Troodon was an uncommonly intelligent dinosaur, Russell surmised, its uninterrupted evolutionary arc might have resulted, tens of millions of years later, in a race of super-intelligent, humanoid reptilians. One common attribute of conspiracy theorists (not to mention religious fundamentalists and disbelievers in the theory of evolution) is to take the speculations of reputable scientists as established, carved-in-stone fact. Today, most adherents of the reptoid cult cite Russells paper as proving the existence of humanoid reptiles, and many uninformed readers have helped spread the word. Russell himself, of course, meant no such thing, and is doubtless embarrassed by the cult he unintentionally fueled with his research. Are Humanoid Reptiles a Scientific Possibility? Despite what Icke and other conspiracy theorists claim, theres absolutely no proof that a race of super-intelligent reptoids (or Martians, or swamp monsters) lurk beneath the sewers of Paris, New York, and Beijing. There is also no evidence that the earth has ever been visited by flying saucers or that reptilian aliens have tinkered with human DNA, or that Queen Elizabeth II is a lizard in disguise (though some Icke cultists claim to have seen a second eyelid flickering across her pupils, if you look really closely at slowed-down news footage). But is it possible that an isolated population of meat-eating dinosaurs (Troodon, or some other genus) managed to survive the K/T Extinction, and persist to this day on some remote island or in the middle of a dense rain forest? The odds are vanishingly small, but not zero. However, the chances are even more remote for a scenario in which these dinosaurs have evolved into super-intelligent beings, which would require (among other things) a huge increase in their population, making detection by (and competition with) contemporary human beings a certainty. The fact is that reptoids, reptilians, or whatever you want to call them simply dont exist, despite what David Icke and his followers claim.

Internet Development Human Potential Enhancement

An Dang English 301B Professor Simoes December 4, 2014 Internet Development: Human Potential Enhancement Use of Internet has become a normal today activity in the world. A lot of useful knowledge is derived from sources on the Internet which seems to have almost all the news and information. This has made Internet innovation globally important because it has provided the world with tremendous amount of news, information and entertainment, and it is also easy and cheap for people to attain these materials. The Internet is not only useful to acquire information and ideas, it has also been proved as a faster and efficient communication worldwide. People from one country to another are able to communicate fast and clear, and this has enhanced†¦show more content†¦Therefore, it would be necessary to think about what impacts it has on our social behavior and what the future will look like. In the earlier days, some activities related to distant such as transactions, message delivery and so many operations were slow to carry out and used a lot of time and energy. Nowadays, these jobs can be performed anytime and anywhere if people can go online, thanks to Internet innovation. Thus, many social organizations have been created, formed and funded in order to invest in developing Internet technology which is currently enhancing worldwide communities at a very high rate. The history of Internet innovation began from 1950s after the computers were invented. According to the New Media Institute record, â€Å"the first known fully operational packet-switching network, the ARPANET was designed to facilitate communication between ARPA computer terminals during the early 1960s.† This led to the usage of protocols for Internet system where a network was formed by many different other networks. By the end of the nineteenth century, Internet began to be provided for commercial access, and has created desired effect in society, and also has risen the trend of immediate communication such as through instant messaging, e-mail, and two-way interactive video conference. Un til the beginning of the twentieth century when the rise of the Internet usage reached its peak,

Overpopulation Is The Scarcity Of Food Supplies - 1408 Words

Overpopulation is defined as the condition when the number of people surpasses the maximum capacity that Earth can hold (ConserveEnergyFuture, 2013). When overpopulation occurs, the number of resources on Earth cannot support the total population, thus resulting in various problems that conflict with the world’s peace and harmony. One major problem that is caused by overpopulation is the scarcity of food supplies. There is not enough food being produced to feed the mouths of the endlessly increasing population. Therefore, many people all over the world starve and are malnourished, which is why many armed and international conflicts have occurred in the past years fighting over natural resources. However, with international cooperation and uses of scientific applications, many possible and sustainable solutions have arisen. One solution that has arisen to act against the food shortage in the world is to target and focus on the agricultural sector. One proposed root o f the cause of food shortage in the world is the lacking amount of produce from agriculture. In the past years, the use of biotechnology to increase agricultural product has been introduced multiple times. (The Editors, 2008) However, many activists have opposed the idea due to fears about the possible dangers with biotechnology and genetically modified organisms (GMOs). One example is food allergies. If a person is allergic to nuts and consumes a GMO without knowing it contains nut genes, thenShow MoreRelatedOverpopulation Pressures Our Natural Resources and Environment743 Words   |  3 Pagesall associated with massive population growth. Thus, overpopulation is major contributor to environmental deterioration (Ehrlich and Ehrlich 2012). Further implication to overpopulation harm humans themselves, each individual added to population will consume food, water, and energy. The pressure from population will require more energy to secure their needs (Ehrlich and Ehrlich 2012). This will result in inequity between people through the scarcity of resources that lead to hunger and poverty. TheRead MoreOverpopulation And Its Effects On The Environment1428 Words   |  6 PagesOverpopulation is often Times argued as one of the most severe, if not the most severe, environmental problem. This past year world population exceeded 7.3 billion and continues to grow at an alarming rate. By the year 2050 it is projected that world population will exceed over nine billion. Overpopulation puts a serious strain on the world and its resources and is a root cause of many environmental issues. Issues such as, climate change, diminishing biodiversity, and pollution, are all just someRead MoreEnvironmental Problems Caused By Deforestation1055 Words   |  5 Pagesoverusing the natural resources that the Earth provides to them. The planet is going through a lot of environmental problems. These problems affect all the living beings on Earth. Some of the examples are global warming, pollution of air, water, land, overpopulation, climate change, deforestation, etc. Our planet is facing severe environmental crises with all these examples. The Earth is getting worse everyday because the harm that humans are doing everyday such as deforestation, industrialization, exploitationRead MoreWater Is The Most Precious Resource This Planet Has To1292 Words   |  6 Pagesinefficiently and irresponsibly, one that takes more 42% humanity’s accessible fresh water and wastes it. Unless we take the proper initiative, our world’s water supplies will slowly deplete, leaving earth in an eternal drought, which could potentially cause an end to the human race. Agriculture is an industry that will cause water scarcity to erupt throughout the world if not changed from its irresponsible methods. As the world’s largest industry, agriculture uses 70% of our accessible remaining freshwaterRead MoreBenefits Of Water Conservation Policies1390 Words   |  6 PagesMs. Hurts Period 6 9/23/16 Mrs. Hurts What is harming life â€Å"water† ? The major resource in the world â€Å"Water† for most people meaning life which created all living things that exist; has come to a point of scarcity. Imagine living in world where the most needed resource â€Å"water† was unavailable. For some, around the world people have been experiencing it. Countries like China and India have been suffering of bad and poor quality water. But it did not happen until the last years that peopleRead MoreThe Effects Of The Malthusian Catastrophe Throughout The Past Few Centuries1498 Words   |  6 Pagesagainst this notion with a pessimist view of population growth. The reproduction of humans and the depletion of food were evident and are still evident today. The world is becoming more populous and with it more prosperous; humans as a whole are consuming more food, water, and natural resources than ever. In Malthus’ time the same dilemma was seen as timber supplies diminished supplies transferred to a profuse amount of coal. However, some of the natural resources do not have substitutes (LahartRead MoreOverpopulation : A Common Misconception1396 Words   |  6 Pagesforce, which is currently plaguing the planet. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the fact that, overpopulation is not the primary cause of our modern day predicaments, but is merely a tributary to the actual source. Environmental, economic, agricultural and political factors are some of the main incipient issues, which have thus been ignored, and have resulted in the myth called overpopulation. The negative repercussions of these aspects will be examined, along with a comprehensive study intoRead MoreWater Scarcity655 Words   |  3 PagesEssay’s topic: Water scarcity is one of the key environmental issue of our time. Identify some major causes of water scarcity and describe two solutions. Water plays an important role in developing and maintaining healthy ecosystems. However, water scarcity is an increasing and widespread phenomenon in many countries in the world. Water scarcity refers to either the lack of enough water or lack of access to safe water. The shortage of water is turning out to be more pressing than prediction. ThisRead MoreThe Problem Of A World Problem1281 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment. Hite and Seitz attributed the population booms to three major factors that influenced development and population. Beginning with the agriculture boom, people began to grow their populations because they could sustain more people with the more food they were growing. Then came the industrial revolution, which increased the quality of life for people, causing them to once again increase populations. Still, populations were multiplying steadily because death rates were still high. Now, we are seeingRead MoreOverpopulation Is a Growing Problem Essay1424 Words   |  6 PagesOverpopulation is a growing problem all over the world. This is a very important environmental issue and needs to be dealt with. This environmental problem is affecting many countries in the world, but mostly the poor and impoverished countries that don’t have the resources to help deal with these issues. It also affects the environment like plants animal life and air quality. When the population of people expands we need more natural resources from the environment, so we consume more then we can

Investigations Essay Example For Students

Investigations Essay 1.List at least two of the six different human sources of DNA material identified in Chapter 1. (Answer)Two of them would be blood and tooth pulp. 2.Who is given credit for establishing the London Metropolitian Police Force. (Answer)The Credit was given to a Sir Robert Peel. 3.What is a Search Warrant?(Answer)It is a written order, in the name of the state, signed by a judicial officer, exercising proper authority, and directing a law enforcement officer to search for certain specific property and bring it before the court. 4.What is the fruits of the poisonous tree doctrine?(Answer)Its a doctrine that states any evidence obtained from a illegal search and seizure is inadmissible in court. 5.When can legal searches and seizures be made by law enforcement officers?(Answer)They can be used when a warrant has been issued, with consent, if its incident to an arrest, automobile (exception), and in an emergency (exigent circumstances). 6.What are the three essential ingredients of arrest?(Answer)The 3 ingredients of arrest are Intention, Authority, and Custody. 7.What is substantive criminal law?(Answer)Substantive Criminal Law is the branch of criminal law dealing with the elements that describe and define a crime. 8.What is procedural Criminal law?(Answer)Procedural Criminal Law is the branch of criminal law that defines what can and cannot be done with, or to, people. 9.Define stop and frisk.(Answer)A stop and frisk is a limited pat down of the outer clothing of a person encountered by a law enforcement officer when the person is acting suspiciously, and the officer, concerned about safety, seeks to determine if the person has a weapon. 10.What is an arrest warrant?(Answer)A judicial order commanding that a particular person be arrested and brought before a court to answer a criminal charge.

To what extent do the mass media influence their audience Research Paper Example

To what extent do the mass media influence their audience Paper It is generally believed that daily newspapers, television, radio, films, the Internet, or any form of message communication that is targeted at a large audience has an influence on behaviour, (Moore 1996) but to what extent? How much influence do the mass media really have on society and the individuals within a society that have now become a media loyal audience? (Moore 1996) and how do people gauge the extent of this influence? The aim of this essay is to look at the theories of the mass media effects. Such effect theories as the hypodermic-syringe model, the cultural effects theory, the two-step flow model, and the uses and gratification theory, and then determine from these theories the true extent of the mass media influence upon society. The Hypodermic-syringe model, that is also referred to as the silver bullet model (Schramm Porter 1982) is the idea that the mass media are so powerful that they can inject their messages into the audience. Or that, like a magic bullet, they can be precisely targeted at an audience, who irresistibly fall down when hit by the bullet. In brief, it is the idea that the makers of media messages can get people to do whatever they want them to do. (Schramm Porter 1982) Whilst it could be argued that no media analyst holds such a view today, it remains popular amongst the public and the media moralists. For instance, in the aftermath of the murder of a young child, Jamie Bulger, in the United Kingdom in 1993 by two young boys, the video of childs play 3, in which a similar kind of murder was to be seen, was evoked as a cause of the murder. Macionis Plummer 1998 p593) Whilst it is possible to say that the film may have played a part, along with other factors, it cannot be said to have simply caused the two boys to murder the young child. (Macionis Plummer 1998) We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent do the mass media influence their audience specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent do the mass media influence their audience specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent do the mass media influence their audience specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Another factor was that the senior police officers that interviewed the two young boys at the time agreed that there was no evidence that either child had even seen the video of childs play 3. (J. Petley 1994) Many theorists believe that it is really more of a folk belief than a model. Chapman 2000) It could be argued that methodologically, the model is very weak because it ignores the fact that social characteristics of audiences differ in terms of class, age, gender and ethnicity. (Chapman 2000) But still the theory that people are passively injected with media messages crops up repeatedly in the popular media whenever there is an unusual or grotesque crime, which they can somehow link to supposedly excessive media violence or sex and which is then typically taken up by politicians who call for greater control of media output. If it applies at all, then probably only in the rare circumstances where all competing messages are rigorously excluded, such as in a totalitarian state. Nazi Germany being a prime example, where Dr Joseph Goebbels centrally controlled the mass media, and in doing so, he influenced a country into believing that Adolf Hitler was the saviour of Germany. (Wistrich 1997) As you read through the various approaches however, it could be argued that a rather weaker version of the hypodermic syringe model underlies many of them, notably in the cultural effects approach. The cultural effects approach or the mass-culture theory, as it is otherwise known implies that some of the media audience will accept media messages rather uncritically and in other cases resist media messages. (Haralambos Holborn 2000) Clearly this suggests not only different types of media messages but also the idea of different audiences. (Haralambos Holborn 2000) It could be argued that the media actually target these different audiences, these cultures, and effect the way these people look upon the world. The idea is that the mass media have created a mass culture in society, but, at the same time, they have the effect of maintaining cultural individuality. (Burton 2002) The idea that the mass media has created a mass culture in society is particularly associated with Marxism. (Chapman 2000) Marxists argue that the once popular cultures or folk cultures used to be the product of the family and revolved around such activities as folk music, dancing, folk tales and carnivals, but now, in a capitalist society, they argue that it is no longer a product of the family but more down to mass production, or more commonly, the mass media. Chapman 2000) It is seen by Marxists, such as Marcuse in particular that people have become passive recipients of culture rather than actively participating in it. (Chapman 2000) Marcuse believed that people consequently absorb mentally, such things as violent images from movies or television, and then, just as any advertising is seen to do, it gives an appeti te for things that the viewer cannot have, and therefore fuels crimes. (Chapman 2000) Although Marxists such as Marcuse have argued that this type of popular culture is responsible for stifling creativity, imagination and critical thought in society, (Chapman 2000) a number of the mass-culture arguments have come from other directions. Pluralists argue that the pre-industrial folk culture has been over romanticised by the Marxist critics and they also argue that the mass media in modern society has also had a positive effect on people. They claim that literacy has been encouraged, and knowledge and awareness of the world around them has been encouraged. They claim that people have much more choice of cultural products and opinions than they ever had before. (Chapman 2000) In many ways, the mass-culture theory, or the cultural effects approach is similar to the hypodermic-syringe model of media effects and like that model, it is also difficult to prove an effect. (Chapman 2000) It is generally believed that a more acceptable approach is the two-step flow theory for understanding the influence that the mass media have on their audience. The two-step flow model is slightly different to the previous two methods, in that it suggests that people are not influenced directly by the media. It implies that people interpret media messages through a framework of attitudes that they acquire from primary groups or opinion leaders. It was first recognised by Paul Lazarsfeld, along with Bernard Berelson and Hazel Gaudet (Lazarsfeld, Berelson, Gaudet 1948) in The Peoples Choice, a paper analyzing the voters decision-making processes during an early nineteenth century presidential election campaign. Lazarsfeld found that voters, who already knew how they were going to vote in the election, had read and listened to more campaign material than the people who still did not know how they would vote. (Lazarsfeld, Berelson, Gaudet 1948) The researchers found that voters who made a decision late in the campaign were not likely to be influenced by the media, but rather by opinion leaders who swayed their vote. It as been suggested that these so called opinion leaders are not a general characteristic of a person, but rather, limited to specific issues. It is seen that, any Individual, who acts as the opinion leader on one issue, may not be considered influential in regard to another issue. (Burton 2002) Their research was originally based on something like the simplistic hypodermic syringe model of media influence. However, their investigations suggested that media effects were minimal, that the conception of a mass audience was inadequate and misguided and that social influences had a major effect on the process of opinion formation and limited the medias effect. (Burton 2002) As with the other two methods, it could also be argued that the two-step flow method also has its arguments. One being that the Influence, if any, or be it a small amount of influence, tended to be straight across a particular social economic class, except that in the higher social classes there was a tendency for people to find opinion leaders in the next class up. No opinion leader was an opinion leader in all aspects of life. (Burton 2002) For example, a car mechanic in the local pub may not use the media much at all because hes always working late. Nevertheless, he knows a lot about cars and so what the rest of those in the pub know from the media about different makes of car will be influenced by his views. Similarly, a Politics lecturer for example, may not use the media anything like as much as his or her students do, but the lecturers reading and viewing is targeted on political issues. Together with the lecturers broad knowledge of political theory and history, which is likely to make the lecturer the opinion leader as far as the Politics class is concerned. Allowing for the differences from one class to another and from one subject area to another, people could probably recognize in opinion leaders the characteristics which Lazarsfeld suggested, in particular that opinion leaders will be more active users of the mass media than others, (Burton 2002) As a result of this theory, attention began to turn from the question of what the media do to the audience to what the audience do with the media, or, the uses and gratifications theory The uses and gratifications theory focuses on the active use made of the media by the audience itself, to seek gratification of a variety of needs. (Chapman 2000) The standard saying is that, where effects research asks, What do the media do to audiences? the uses and gratifications approach asks, What do audiences do with the media? (Chapman 2000) In this theory, it is said that audiences use the media to gratify needs. The needs being most commonly identified as surveillance, such as monitoring whats going on in the world, or, personal relationships, family interaction, or just to escape from a normal routine. (Chapman 2000) Readers of a newspaper for example, might open the paper, turn past the hard news and head straight for the gossip section, or to the stars section because they need entertainment. Also, as with television, one person might understand their favourite soap opera because their favourite character holds power, and they relate it to their own needs for power. Another person may understand the same soap opera as being mainly about love and understanding because they have strong needs for security and choose to bring out those aspects of the story in their minds. (Burton 2002) But as with all the theories, the uses and gratifications theory also holds arguments. The biggest argument directed at the Uses and Gratifications theory, is that it is seen as being non-theoretical. Other arguments are that it is seen as being vague in key concepts, and being nothing more than a data-collecting strategy. However it is still the most modern theory to date. (ODonnell G, 1994) After looking at the theories of mass media effects, to actually determine the mass media influence upon their audience is no easy task. It could be argued that modern theories of the mass media effect, such as the two-step flow theory or the uses and gratification theory show that people are more likely to reinforce existing attitudes and behavior than to change them. It could be argued that peoples existing attitudes act as a protective net preventing any direct effect at all. It could be said that the media has most influence when an audience lacks knowledge and clear opinions, as with the hypodermic-syringe model or the cultural effects theory. (ODonnell G, 1994) Even so, after looking at these theories, there is no overwhelming evidence that the mass media actually influences its audience at all. However, there is more evidence, to suggest that the audience actually influences the mass media. (Chapman 2000)

saliva cortisol essays

saliva cortisol essays An increased amount of cortisol is released in response to a stressor which lasts longer than a few minutes this is released through a system called the hypothalomic-pituatry-adrenal axis (HPA axis). HPA axis is the combined system of corticopin-releasing hormone (CRH) adrenocorticotropohic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol release. Cortisol release is controlled by the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) which is positioned in the hypothalamus it is here that CRH is released when the person is put under stress this in turn causes the release of ACTH by acting on the pituitary gland this ACTH then causes the adrenal cortex to release cortisol. Cortisol is usually released in approximately fifteen minute bursts this occurs as CRH and ACTH are only released in pulses not a prolonged release over time this results in the level of cortisol dips between these pulses. Cortisol itself has roughly a half life of 100 minutes in blood. A prolonged burst of ACTH can cause the adrenal cortex to increase in size so that it can cope with the extra production of cortisol where as the opposite occurs if there is a decrease in the long term production of ACTH. The level of cortisol in the body is kept at safe levels by a process of negative and positive feedback throughout the brain. A certain amount of cortisol is always found in the bloodstream. Much like other things cortisol also has a circadian rhythm controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus the bodys internal clock. Cortisol peaks are found in the morning at approximately eight to ten oclock with the lowest amounts of cortisol being found in the evening before bedtime. This is due to the suprachiasmatic nucleus sending messages to the paraventricular nucleus approximately every hour causing CRH to be released resulting in the release of cortisol as described earlier. Abnormal circadian rhythms have been found in people with illnesses such as chronic fatigue syndrome, irritable bowel syndrome, se...

Kaiser Wilhelm II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Kaiser Wilhelm II - Essay Example The period between 1888 and 1914 saw rapid growth of Germany as an economic and military dominance. On the other hand, Europe was largely divided into different opposing camps due to the suspicion arising from allies that were formed during this period. The mistrust culminated into the World War 1, where Germany experienced the worst defeat in the century. Consequently, there was the abolishment of German monarchical rule, and all this was blamed on Wilhelm’s actions and character (Imperial War Museums 1). Additionally, the miscalculated judgments by Wilhelm led to the dismissal of Bismarck in 1890. Moreover, Wilhelm II disrupted the political system that had existed in Europe (Imperial War Museums 1). This was largely seen through strained relationship that existed between Germany and Britain. In addition, as Germany engaged in supporting the Boers against Britain, this hastened the development of strong ties between France and Britain to the detriment of Germany (Imperial Wa r Museums 1). This also increased isolation of Germany to the rest of Europe. The other essential thing to note is Wilhelm’s support of Austria-Hungary against Serbia. This opened doors for strenuous relations between various allies in Europe. This was detrimental to Germany and Europe and was utterly opposite of the situation in the last quarter of 19th century. ... He adopted different form of governing for over two decades before the beginning of the First World War. The form of governance was different as compared to the one practiced by Bismarck. The governance was more liberal and compared to the conservative nature adopted by Bismarck. He engaged in aggressive and expansionist political course entirely in the name of maintaining Germany position in Europe. All these far-reaching policies acted as a recipe to war in 1914. This was because the policies adopted by Wilhelm II destabilized the relative peace that Bismarck had managed to restore. However, the foreign policy remained the same throughout this period as what was envisioned in the unification of Germany. Moreover, there was the adoption of a German constitution in this period that envisaged the militaristic foundation of the new empire. The constitution gave all sections of the government real political power. The sections included the Bundesrat, the Reichstag, Prussian cabinet and the military establishment. The election of the Reichstag was by all males over the age of 24 (Imperial War Museums 1). This gave Germany a law making body that had similar democratic principles to the rest of Europe. However, all the different factions of the government were under Wilhelm II. As a result, Wilhelm had enormous political power and this was instrumental to the institutionalization of ‘personal rule’ as envisioned in his dreams (Imperial War Museums 1). Secondly, Wilhelm made a political decision that was not expected by many in Germany at this period. He forced Bismarck to resign in 1890. This was seen as resulting from variation in political ideologies. This was because Bismarck was conservative as compared to Wilhelm 11 liberal approach. This provided

The shift from specific social science subjects to current Essay

The shift from specific social science subjects to current multidisciplinary approaches - Essay Example The changes this is creating leads into a different set of definitions of what it means to receive a specific education while having the correct approaches to learning within the classroom. Exploring the understanding of movement from social studies and sciences into multidisciplinary approaches to learning within the classroom also conveys a deeper understanding of how education can work from a variety of perspectives and in terms of the necessary components of teaching, education and how learning can be enhanced by using a variety of approaches. However, a variety of perspectives and studies all relate to different factors which change the understanding and outcome of social sciences and learning with multidisciplinary approaches. The traditional approach to teaching the social sciences is based on offering historical facts and figures while moving through highlighted events within history. This particular approach in the curriculum is one which is now being recognized as ineffective. While the historical facts and figures are developed with student retention, there is often little to no association with the facts and figures to the current events. This is combined with the lack of understanding of how the particular historical events affect those who are a citizen of a particular country. The ideology of multidisciplinary learning challenges the concept of traditional learning to an expanded curriculum. The ideology is to create a personal relationship to the materials while expanding the awareness of students with the material that is being learned. Multidisciplinary ideologies consist of everything from adding in personal and social relationships to the material to combining the curriculum with other format s of teaching, such as other topics or literature. The initiative which is taken is based on a re-examination of the materials which are being taught and what this means to students when they are beginning to understand the philosophies of social studies and the importance which this holds (Clark, 2008). Citizenship Education The first approach which is now considered with multidisciplinary education and social studies is citizenship education. There are many which are showing that the concept of history is not only to learn about historical facts and figures. There is also a direct correlation between the approach with citizenship to a country and the way in which one’s perspective alters toward the country. If there is not the ability to understand the historical factors within a country, then one cannot become a responsible citizen while having different opinions, social responsibilities and political actions which are taken. By changing the curriculum to incorporate socia l responsibility and citizenship, there is also the ability to begin altering the way in which social and cultural movements occur in terms of political terms and conditions. Changing the approaches to teaching so it correlates with meaning behind being a citizen is one which is then able to develop a different alternative in terms of educational development as well as the relationship which one holds to the historical ideologies which are taking place through current events. There are a variety of factors which show that social studies are not only linked to the main topic and sets of facts but also to other multidisciplinary approaches. The first is with the understanding of citizenship and what it means to be a part of a nation. The concept of being a citizen within a nation becomes an important term. It links directly to the understanding of the country, relationships to different historical facts and the responsibility which one takes in turn of being a citizen. However, this c annot be

The Epistemology of Hume and Kant Essay Example for Free

The Epistemology of Hume and Kant Essay According to David Hume, the perceptions of the mind can be divided into two classes that are â€Å"distinguished by their different degrees of force and vivacity† (Hume, 2, 12). These two classes Hume designates as Thoughts (or Ideas) and Impressions. Ideas are â€Å"less lively perceptions† and Impressions are the â€Å"more lively perceptions. † Kant assumes that Ideas are merely weaker copies of Impressions. According to Hume, â€Å"the most lively thought is still inferior to the dullest sensation† (2, 11 par. 1). The remembrance of perception is merely a copy of actual perception, and all ideas are merely weaker copies of Impressions. Hume explains that it will seem that thought is unbounded and limitless, but actually thought is â€Å"confined within very narrow limits. † The apparent boundless creativity of the mind comes from â€Å"compounding, transposing, augmenting, or diminishing the materials afforded us by the senses and experience† (2, 13 par. 1-2). By this Hume means that no matter how far-fetched the products of imagination becomes, all ideas are connected and ultimately traceable to an Impression or Impressions. (3, 18). According to Hume, the mind normally connects ideas with each other through one or more of three basic principles: Resemblance, Contiguity, and Cause-and-Effect (3, 19), and that â€Å"all reasonings concerning matter of fact seem to be founded on the relation of Cause and Effect. † (4. 1, 22). However, Hume claims knowledge of cause and effect, without exception, is never attained by a priori reasoning. All knowledge of cause and effect comes entirely from experience. (4. 1, 23 par. 2). â€Å"Every effect is a distinct event from its cause. It could not, therefore, be discovered in the cause. † (4. 1, 25, par. 2). All reasoning can be categorized into two: demonstrative reasoning (concerning relations of ideas) and (intuitive) moral reasoning (concerning matter of fact and existence). Hume points out that all thought concerning existence are based on cause-and-effect, which in turn is based entirely on experience. Any conclusions that we derive from experience are based on the assumption that events of the future will conform to events of the past. (4. 2, 30 par. 2). However, this is not intuitive nor demonstrative (4. 2, 32). For instance, there is no process of argument through which, for instance, a person can conclude that whenever a billiard ball is hit by another billiard ball, it will move. (4. 2, 33 par 2). Even a highly intelligent person who for the first time observes the world would witness a sequence of events but would not be able to determine any cause and effect relationships between what he witnesses. â€Å"Such a person, without more experience, could never employ his conjecture or reasoning concerning any matter of fact, or be assured of anything beyond what was immediately present to his memory and senses. † But eventually, through experience, he will be able to form conclusions about the cause-and-effect relationships of events and objects. (5. 1, 35 par 1). According to Hume, the principle through which a person can form these conclusions is Custom or Habit (5. 1, 36). Hume’s concluding words are that any piece of literature that does not have â€Å"abstract reasoning concerning quantity or number† nor â€Å"experimental reasoning concerning matter of fact and existence† â€Å"†¦can contain nothing but sophistry and illusion. † The nature of knowledge according to Immanuel Kant For Immanuel Kant, knowledge (and thus reality) is constructed by the mind, not passively derived through the senses. In other words, the mind shapes the world. Kants Critique of Pure Reason is an attempt to answer the problems of the nature of knowledge—what it is and how it is obtained. Kant looks at the relationship between a priori knowledge, or knowledge based on reason alone, and a posteriori knowledge, or knowledge gained from the world. According to Kant, we have a priori intuitions and concepts. We have innate, logical knowledge, and this knowledge enables us to grasp a posteriori knowledge, to â€Å"understand† the external world. For example, Kants view is that space and time are just mental constructs, that space and time are forms of seeing, which serves as a precept to our experiences (Kant, a20-a23, a25-a38). Another example is the notion of causality, which in Kants view is a form of organizing mechanism that we impose upon nature to render it understandable (2a1-2a19). Kant argued that reality, as we perceive it, cannot be accounted for purely by sense perception. Kant holds that what we refer to and perceive as the external world is an artifice of the mind. His argument is that the mind itself contributes substantially to, and even synthesizes, its own knowledge (i11). According to Kant, the appearances of things are â€Å"objects of intuition†, which is one form of (mental) representation. For him this includes physical sensations (such as pain). Kants view is that appearances do not exist by themselves, but only relatively to external reality. That is, appearances do not exist independently of the human power of representation (t21). According to this view, the world, as we perceive it, is not actual reality, but is a phenomenon of actual reality as constructed by the mind. He argues that the shape of an object, for example, does not come from the object itself, but comes from us, as a result of interaction with the object Sensory input needs to be processed and recognized through the filter of the mind or it would not mean anything to us. For Kant, there are things-in-themselves, which exist independently of the human mind, and appearances, which exist only in the mind. The existence of appearances, according to Kant, entails the existence of things-in-themselves, but not in the way that we know. Thus, since the existence of things-in-themselves is just a hypothesis, the relationship of our perceptions to actual reality remains suspect, and we can never really be sure if what we perceive are not just purely constructs of the mind (p38). Hence, for him, we can never really know the â€Å"true† reality, because this reality is only perceived as it is filtered through our senses, senses that structure reality. We can only gain knowledge of appearances. Criticism of Hume There are some important difficulties in Hume’s work that he fails to address. One flaw in Hume’s arguments that Kant points out is that one of Hume’s fundamental assumptions is that perceptions (or Impressions) correspond exactly to the â€Å"real† world, although for many other philosophers the very nature of reality was a problem. Another is that Hume assumes that all knowledge comes from experience, but the notion of causation and necessity are also not explained by Hume, who claims that everything that one knows is ultimately traceable to the senses. It can be argued that the perception of causation and necessity come from a priori knowledge. References Hume, David. â€Å"An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. † 23 Dec 2006. http://www. gutenberg. org/dirs/etext06/8echu10. txt. Kant, Immanuel. â€Å"Critique of Pure Reason. †

Technology †The Last Great Frontier :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Technology – The Last Great Frontier Introduction The technological frontier marks one of the last chapters in the development of American society. We have survived the cultivation of land, ranging from the first exploration of Christopher Columbus to the last expeditions of Buffalo Bill and the Wild West. Now, as there is no longer any land to explore, we must focus our attention on the rapidly increasing technological age. Without a doubt technology has blazed a pathway to a new and unmapped educational frontier. This frontier is pioneered by a completely new academic system: distance learning. The "distance learning" frontier features education of students from outside the traditional classroom setting through the use of technology. For example, quizzes are taken online, classes are taught over televisions, and degrees are earned on the Internet. Although this new and unexplored path has vastly expanded our academic horizons, just like the West expanded our country, we must not travel into the frontier without nurturing it first. In order to fully utilize technology we must cultivate the technology frontier in order to tame its communicational dangers. Background Just as the West promised to satisfy the needs and dreams of the American people in the nineteenth century, technology promises to satisfy our educational goals in the twenty-first century. The introduction of the Internet in the 1980’s served as the first pioneer to the technological frontier. Never before in history had academic information been so readily available at the click of a button. This new system of learning sparked excitement and interest in the minds of students and faculty members because it provided a potentially better way of learning. At first glance, the technological frontier creates an illusion of a quick and convenient educational system; however, this is not totally true. The technology frontier is still a new and unmapped territory, and there have not been an abundance of studies or writings that explain its possible benefits or dangers. Chris Piotrowski and Stephen Vodanovich, pioneers in the expansion of technological based learning, conducted a synthesis of the available research in the field. Their procedure for identifying relevant studies was to conduct a series of searches on educational databases. The results showed that "investigations about technological based instruction have not been supported by the extent of literature" (3). The conductors of this experiment claim that successful ways to incorporate technology into education have not been carefully examined or researched. Technology – The Last Great Frontier :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers Technology – The Last Great Frontier Introduction The technological frontier marks one of the last chapters in the development of American society. We have survived the cultivation of land, ranging from the first exploration of Christopher Columbus to the last expeditions of Buffalo Bill and the Wild West. Now, as there is no longer any land to explore, we must focus our attention on the rapidly increasing technological age. Without a doubt technology has blazed a pathway to a new and unmapped educational frontier. This frontier is pioneered by a completely new academic system: distance learning. The "distance learning" frontier features education of students from outside the traditional classroom setting through the use of technology. For example, quizzes are taken online, classes are taught over televisions, and degrees are earned on the Internet. Although this new and unexplored path has vastly expanded our academic horizons, just like the West expanded our country, we must not travel into the frontier without nurturing it first. In order to fully utilize technology we must cultivate the technology frontier in order to tame its communicational dangers. Background Just as the West promised to satisfy the needs and dreams of the American people in the nineteenth century, technology promises to satisfy our educational goals in the twenty-first century. The introduction of the Internet in the 1980’s served as the first pioneer to the technological frontier. Never before in history had academic information been so readily available at the click of a button. This new system of learning sparked excitement and interest in the minds of students and faculty members because it provided a potentially better way of learning. At first glance, the technological frontier creates an illusion of a quick and convenient educational system; however, this is not totally true. The technology frontier is still a new and unmapped territory, and there have not been an abundance of studies or writings that explain its possible benefits or dangers. Chris Piotrowski and Stephen Vodanovich, pioneers in the expansion of technological based learning, conducted a synthesis of the available research in the field. Their procedure for identifying relevant studies was to conduct a series of searches on educational databases. The results showed that "investigations about technological based instruction have not been supported by the extent of literature" (3). The conductors of this experiment claim that successful ways to incorporate technology into education have not been carefully examined or researched.

Final Examination Essay

1. The essential steps in performing a systems study are (in order of occurrence): a) Analysis, design, implementation and initial operation, follow‑up b) Design, planning, follow‑up, analysis, and implementation c) Planning, system specification, analysis, production, implementation d) Planning, analysis, design, implementation, and follow‑up 2. Which of the following is intended to solve the problem that financial data used in one application is not easily transferable to other applications? a) XMP b)ERP c) XBRL d) XMLP 3.Information systems auditors are: a) Auditors who are concerned with analyzing risks associated with computerized information systems b) Individuals who often work closely with financial auditors c) Auditors who have a lot of technical expertise related to information technology d) all of the above 4. Which of the following is not an ability of client/server computing? a) Alter data stored elsewhere on the network b) Process a transaction that may affect data stored on both client and server computers c) Query or manipulate the warehoused data on the server d) Increased networking capabilities between different file formats on multiple systems 5. Software that enables businesses and government agencies to transmit and manipulate financial data on an organization-wide basis best describes: a. Communication software b. CAD software c. Enterprise resource planning (ERP) software d. Programming software 6. All of the following are programming languages except: a. Java b. HTML c. C++ d. COBOL e. ERP 7. Data flow diagrams: a)Accomplish the same purpose as system flowcharts b)Are different from system flowcharts since they focus on a logical view of the information system c)Are useless for planning a new system d)Are never used in analyzing an existing system 8. All of the following are controls for end-user computing except: a) Formally evaluate large projects b) Formalize documentation standards c) Limit the number of employees authorized to create end-user applications d) all of the above are important controls 9. The textbook identified seven reasons why documentation of an AIS is important. For which of the following reasons would the user guides, procedure manuals and operating instructions be most important? a) Depicting how the system works b) Training users c) Designing new systems d) Standardizing communications with others 10. Business organizations are recognizing the value of sales data and are purchasing software solutions to gather, maintain, and use these data to provide better service and promote customer loyalty. These software solutions are called: a) Customer relations data solutions b) Customer relationship management solutions c) Sales data management solutions d) none of the above 11. Which of the following statements best describes business process outsourcing? a) A company focuses on its core business processes and contracts with another firm to do the other processes b) Companies frequently outsource core business processes c) Due to networked enterprises and advanced technology, more employees may work from their homes or alternate locations d) Initially, companies engaged in business process outsourcing to offer employees more opportunities to travel and more career choices for advancement 12. Networked enterprises and globalization have enabled a new business model called â€Å"business-without-boundaries.† Which of the following statements describes this business model? a) Companies no longer have all of their employees in one location b) It is called offshoring and companies contract with firms in other countries to do such business processes as human resources, payroll, and accounting c) Companies are under a great deal of scrutiny to manage costs and generate revenue so they contract with foreign firms to do various business processes at a lower cost to the company d) all of the above statements describe this model 13. Which of the following is not a concern of the financing process? a) Effective cash management b) Optimizing an organization’s cost of capital c) Minimizing an organization’s borrowings d) Projecting cash flows 14. Business process reengineering efforts sometimes fail because: a. Management gets too involved in the process e) Management is too optimistic regarding its expectations from its implementation b. Management support can never overcome employee resistance c. Employees will never accept change 15. Which of the following technologies are now used in conjunction with automated production process systems to increase efficiencies? a) Radio frequency technology b)Bar code scanners c) RF IDs and advanced electronic tags d)all of the above e)none of the above 16. According to the chapter, which of these statements is most accurate? a)Most computer abuse is performed as retaliation against employers b) Very little computer crime is committed for personal gain c) Some computer abuse is performed simply to meet a challenge d) We catch most computer abusers with good accounting controls 17.Which of the following is probably the primary reason accountants should be concerned about computer crime and abuse? a)They might lose their job if they don’t detect computer crime or abuse in their organization b)They might lose their professional credibility and license if computer crime or abuse continues for a long time in their organization and they do not detect it c)They are responsible for designing, implementing, and monitoring the control procedures for AISs d)none of the above 18.One of the major crimes identified by the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 is intent to illegally obtain information or tangible property through the use of computers. Which of the following methods might accomplish this type of crime if the perpetrator can change data before, during, or after they are entered into a computer system? a)Salami technique b)Data diddling c)Shoulder surfing d)Trojan horse program 19.Regarding a company’s audit trail, which of the following statements is true? a) Because of the complexities involved in establishing an audit trail, a good audit trail normally makes it more difficult for an individual to follow the flow of a company’s business transactions through the  company’s information system b) In actuality, the audit trail established within a company’s information system is an unimportant element of the company’s internal control system When a company’s audit trail becomes more difficult to follow, this causes an increase in the risk of errors or irregularities taking place in the processing of accounting transactions and not being detected c) A company’s policies and procedures manual should not be part of its audit trail since confidential information is included within this manual 20.Which of the following statements is true regarding timely performance reports? a. In many companies, these reports are the major means of providing information to management concerning the actual operations of the companies’ internal control systems b. These reports should only include monetary data c. Since these reports fail to provide feedback to management on the operations of previously implemented internal control procedures, other techniques are needed to provide this feedback to managers d. The complexity that a computer introduces into a company’s information system will typically prevent the preparation of timely performance reports for the company’s management 21. _________________ describes the policies, plans, and procedures implemented by a firm to protect its assets. a) Internal control b) SAS No. 94 c) SOX, Section 404 d) Enterprise risk management 22. General controls within IT environments that affect personnel include: a) Use of computer accounts b) Separation of duties c) Informal knowledge of employees d) all of the above affect personnel 23. Which of the following best describes a fundamental control weakness  often associated with automated data processing systems? a. Automated ­ data processing equipment is more subject to systems error than manual processing is subject to human error b. Automated data processing equipment processes and records similar transactions in a similar manner c. Automated data processing procedures for detection of invalid and unusual transactions are less effective than manual control procedures d. Functions that would normally be separated in a manual system are combined in an automated data processing system 24. The textbook identifies a number of issues that should be considered when developing a security policy. One of the issues is â€Å"identify threats†. Which of the following is not an example of this issue? a) What assets need to be protected b) What are the sources of potential security problems c) External threats are viruses, worms, retaliations from former employees d) Internal threats are misuse of assets by employees and embezzlement 25 Which of these is not a phase in the life cycle of an information system? a) Planning b) Analysis c) Control d) Implementation 26. A poorly-planned information system can result in: a)Employee resistance and even sabotage b)Inflexible systems that are hard to maintain or modify c)Systems that solve the wrong problems d)all of these 27.Which of the following is not a general objective in the design of an information system? a)A system should provide information which is timely and relevant for decision making by management and operating personnel b)The output of a system should be highly accurate c)A system should have sufficient capacity to accommodate levels of normal activity; any additional capacity proves too costly in the long run d)A system should be as simple as permitted so that its structure and operation can be easily understood and its procedures easily accomplished e)A system should be flexible to accommodate changes of a reasonable magnitude when required 28. A computerized AIS is harder to audit than a manual system for all of the following reasons except: a) The file information is not human readable b) The volume of transaction records and master file records is usually much larger in computerized systems than in manual systems c) An audit trail does not exist in a computerized AIS d) Computerized systems often use remote real-time data processing, thus complicating the tracing of transaction records to their sources 29. Which of the following is not one of the groups of SOX compliance requirements? a) requirements to use an IT auditor to evaluate controls b) regulations governing executive reporting and conduct c) rules about financial statement reporting d) audit committee/corporate governance requirements 30. Three common techniques auditors use to test computer programs are: a) Test data, integrated test facilities, and parallel simulation b) Test data, edit checks, and integrated test facilities c) Test data, program change control, and parallel simulation d) Program change control, edit checks, and parallel simulation 31. The term data encryption refers to: a) Storing data in safe places called â€Å"crypts† b) Transforming data into secret codes c) Scrambling data in random ways that cannot be unscrambled d) none of these 32. The term key in the context of data encryption refers to: e) A physical key similar to a house key f) A logical key similar to the primary key of a data file g) A mathematical function used for encryption purposes e) A computer function key that can be found on keyboards 33. All of the following are benefits of XBRL except: a) Companies can file financial information in one format, avoiding the errors that may come from reentering data multiple times b) The SEC accepts XBRL-format for electronic filing of financial statement reports c) XBRL permits the automatic and reliable exchange of financial information across all software formats and technologies, including the Internet f) all of the above are benefits of XBRL d) none of the above are benefits of XBRL 34.All of these are reasons why databases are important to AISs except: a) AIS databases store valuable information b) Many AISs are large and therefore potentially unwieldy c) The databases of some organizations are very complex d) The hard disk space used to store AIS databases is comparatively expensive g) all of these are reasons why databases are important to AISs 35.A major advantage of relational databases is: a)All records are stored together b)No pointers are used c)An expandable index is used d)It closely resembles a flat file 36. In recent years many businesses have formed a common information source within their business organization called a database. One of the advantages of building databases is the simultaneous updating of files with common data elements. Another major advantage of the database concept is that: a) Database systems can be used in microcomputers as well as on large computers b) Database systems are simple to install and maintain c) Database systems are generally less expensive than separate file maintenance systems d) Less duplication of data occurs with a database system e) Fewer skilled people are required to run a database system than any other system 1. The process of data normalization refers to: )a Eliminating data errors and other problems from â€Å"normal data† b)Scaling data to values between zero and one c)Storing data in normal storage media such as hard disks d)none of these 38. Database management systems are important to accountants because: a) They automate file storage tasks and enable managers to generate worthwhile financial reports b They eliminate data redundancy )b) They are unique data structures which accountants have never used before )c) They are easy to develop and therefore save money )d) They are energy efficient 39. Which of these is true about finding data in multimedia databases? a) It is not possible to search them because graphics have no text keys for searching b) It is not possible to search them because audio objects have no text keys for searching )c It is possible to search for items in them because such characteristics as â€Å"speaker† or â€Å"subject† can be used as search parameters

What factors determins the effectiveness of public health interventions Discuss with reference to at least two contrasting examples. - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2368 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Medicine Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Introduction The health of the whole population is a very important issue. Conditions which are likely to affect the whole population or large sections of the population are considered to be public health issues and are the subject of specific healthcare promotions and interventions. These can take a range of forms; those aimed at raising awareness of symptoms or lifestyle factors that are implicated in developing a particular condition; management of health conditions to improve quality of life and/or longevity or recognition of symptoms to obtain early treatment. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What factors determins the effectiveness of public health interventions? Discuss with reference to at least two contrasting examples." essay for you Create order Public health interventions are developed to address identified public health issues (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2015). Once these are put in place, it is important to be able to assess the impact of the interventions and their effectiveness in respect of the present situation and also to increase the knowledge base for development of further interventions in the future (Brownson, et al., 2010). This essay will consider the ways in which the effectiveness of public health interventions can be determined. Discussion One of the main factors that needs to be considered in public health interventions is cost-effectiveness (The Kings Fund, 2014). The NHS has increasing demands on its services and so, when developing new interventions or reviewing those already in place, cost effectiveness is one of the most important issues. A further aspect of the effectiveness of public health interventions is the extent to which they have demonstrably achieved the aims set for the intervention (Scutchfield Keck, 2003). These two areas will now be considered in greater detail. There is a finite budget available to the NHS to provide healthcare and this has to be utilised in the most efficient way. The economic constraints that have been in place for some time have created an even greater need for financial efficiency. One way that this can be achieved is through reducing the numbers of people who are suffering from conditions which are considered to be avoidable. Conditions such as diabetes and obesity for e xample, are considered to be largely avoidable by people changing lifestyle habits to improve their health. Thus a range of public health interventions have been directed to focus on these types of issues in order to prevent people from becoming ill as this would represent a substantial saving in costs of treatment for subsequent illnesses. It would also provide benefit to the public in that people would lead longer, healthier lives. However, preventative interventions present difficulties in measuring their effectiveness. A reduction in the numbers of people developing diabetes, for instance, may be attributable to a public health intervention or it may be the result of one or more other factors. The individuals measured may not have developed the condition anyway and so it cannot be proven that the intervention itself was solely responsible for them remaining well. As it can be difficult to accurately measure effectiveness of outcomes, the cost-effectiveness is also difficult to a ssess. Historically, preventative healthcare promotion has been a problematic area due to the difficulties in establishing effectiveness and this made obtaining funding for such activities particularly challenging. However, the increasing demand for services has meant that there has been a shift in perspective and a greater focus on prevention. Thus, the means of evaluating public health interventions in this area has become important. Although the financial implications cannot be the sole driver for health promotion, financial issues are of necessity a major factor as there are obligations on the NHS to produce evidence that their funding has been properly and effectively spent. The effectiveness of health promotions from the perspective of health improvement of the population should be the primary motivation of interventions rather than cost. In order to improve public health, there are a range of options for interventions. The impact of health interventions was described by Fr ieden, (2010) as being in the formof a five-tier pyramid with the bottom tier being the most effective as it reaches the largest sector of the population and has the greatest potential to improve the social/economic determinants of health. The higher tiers of the pyramid relate to areas where the individual is helped to make healthy choices. Topics that are within the bottom tier of the pyramid include the improvements in health brought about by changing lifestyle habits such as smoking. Wide-scale promotions and interventions have been in place for many years and this has reduced the numbers of people who already smoke together with encouraging people not to begin smoking. As a result, the risk factors of health issues such as heart conditions has been reduced. Whilst this may not completely prevent some people from developing such conditions in terms of public health, which takes the wider perspective, a higher proportion of people will be at a lower risk. Thus, the effectiveness of interventions in this case can be measured by the proportion of the population who currently smoke, who have given up smoking and who have started smoking by comparison to previous years records (Durkin, et al., 2012). The numbers of people coming forward for help through smoking cessation provisions offered by their GPs can also be measured, together with the effectiveness of the those interventions in helping people to achieve their goal to stop smoking. The longstanding interventions to reduce the numbers of people with HIV/AIDS also fell within the same category of public health interventions (as just described in respect of smoking) once it was clear that it was a potential risk to a large section of the population. In this instance, there was a large amount of public health promotional activity when the issue was first known in the 1980s but this has largely subsided currently with few if any national high profile promotions/interventions (Bertozzi, et al., 2006). Howeve r, the risk has not been eradicated and there has been an increase in older people developing the condition (AVERT, 2015). This may be due to them not considering they are at risk or they may not have been targeted by the original campaigns which had a greater focus on the homosexual communities, needle using drug addicts and sexually active, younger adults. Married couples were not then considered to be the primary target audience for such campaigns. This demonstrates that there is a need for on-going interventions, particularly in terms of public awareness, to ensure that there is a consistent and improving impact (AVERT, 2015). Unless a health risk has been eradicated, there is likely to be a need for continuing interventions to maintain public knowledge levels. The way in which HIV/AIDS and smoking are directed at the wider population are examples of Friedens bottom sections of the pyramid. When interventions are applied in the top levels of Friedens pyramid they address indi viduals more directly, rather than the whole population (2010). Thus, it could be argued that such interventions would overall, have a greater impact as any public changes need to involve each individual changing. Unless each person is reached by the intervention and perceives that it is a valuable change for them, publicly directly interventions will have reduced effectiveness. National interventions will of necessity be broadly based and they will, therefore, not reach all those people to whom it is aimed as they may feel that it does not apply to them. Thus, the use of interventions that are more specifically targeted to individuals can take into account their socio-economic status and other factors to make the interventions more easily seen to be applicable to them (Frieden, 2010 ). A different view of public health interventions considers the situation for people with terminal or long term conditions. Many of the interventions focus heavily on the medical model and do not ta ke into account the impact on the patient or how they would prefer to be cared for. The medical view of what constitutes good health may be considered to be a more laboratory based, theoretical view that does not necessarily reflect the lived experience of individuals (Higgs, et al., 2005). Physical incapacity may not impact badly on an individual who has found ways to live a fulfilling life whilst someone who is considered fit and well may not consider that they have good quality of life (Asadi-Lari, et al., 2004). Therefore, the impact of interventions on the public also needs to be considered. A medically effective intervention may be unpleasant or difficult for the patient to endure and thus, viewed as being less effective. Furthermore, if the intervention is too unpleasant the patient may fail to comply and thus, also not obtain the level of effectiveness that the medical model would suggest it should (Asadi-Lari, et al., 2004). One area of public health that has proved to b e somewhat controversial in recent years is that of immunisation. The possible links between the MMR vaccine and autism, for instance, has impacted heavily on the numbers of people having their children immunised (BMJ, 2013). Vaccination is an important branch of public health and relies upon sufficient people being immunised against diseases so that should isolated cases occur the disease will not spread. Many parents today will be unaware of the health implications of illnesses such as German measles and mumps as vaccination has made cases rare. The rarity of the cases has also led to the incorrect belief that these illnesses have been eradicated. Therefore, in this instance the effectiveness of the intervention has been varied by the influence of the media reports or adverse outcomes. The fear that was generated has been difficult to overcome and this has resulted in a loss of faith in the process. This then results in reduced effectiveness of the intervention. However, it can pr ove very difficult to restore public support following situation such as this that have continued for a long time. The impact can be measured in both the numbers of people coming forward to have their children immunised and in the numbers of cases of the various illnesses that occur each year. The current statistics, however, do suggest that the levels of immunisation with MMR has now been restored to an appropriate level (NHS, 2013). The provision of the flu vaccine is another instance where public health interventions may have varying effectiveness. The actual effectiveness of a good vaccine is not considered to be 100% when the correct formula has been provided. In 2014, however, the vaccine was not for the actual strain of flu that occurred and so there was little protection provided (Public Health England, 2015). As a result, it is likely that there will be a downturn in the numbers of people who will come forward to receive the flu vaccination this year as the value may be perceived to be doubtful. This also demonstrates the need to provide the public with correct information so that they are aware of the potential effectiveness of the intervention. So in the case of flu, if the vaccine has a 60% chance of preventing the illness this should perhaps be specifically stated. There may be a level at which the majority of people feel that it is not worth having the vaccination. If, hypothetically, an effectiveness of less than 30% was considered by the majority of people to be so low that it was not worth having the vaccination, there could be few people immunised and a major epidemic could follow. Therefore, it is important that the information provided is correct and that the intervention itself is seen to be of sufficient value to the individual to warrant them making that choice to take advantage of what is offered (NHS, 2015). Conclusion This essay has asserted that the effectiveness of public health interventions can be viewed from two main perspectives: the cost effectiveness of the provision and the impact on the target audience. Whilst there are considerable pressures in the NHS financially, this should not be the primary consideration in respect of public health. The aim of public health interventions is to improve the health and well-being of the population as a whole and uses a wide range of methods to achieve this. Some provisions are aimed at the whole population and others are designed for the individual or smaller target groups. For these to be effective, they need to reach the target audience and have meaning for them so that they will be encouraged to take the required action. Continuous changes in the provision may also be needed to ensure that long term issues remain in the public awareness. Bibliography Asadi-Lari, M., Tamburini, M. Gray, D., 2004. Patients needs, satisfaction, and health related quality of life: Towards a comprehensive model. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes , 2(32). AVERT, 2015. HIV/AIDS Statistics 2012. [Online] Available at: https://www.avert.org/hiv-aids-uk.htm [Accessed 28 September 2015]. Bertozzi, S.; Padian, N.S.; Wegbreit, J.; DeMaria, L.M.; Feldman, B.; Gayle, H.; Gold, J.; Grant, R.; Isbell, M.T., 2006. Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. New York: World Bank. BMJ, 2013. Measles in the UK: a test of public health competency in a crisis. BMJ, 346(f2793). Brownson, R.C.; Baker, E.A.; Leet, T.L.; Gillespie, K.N.; True, W.R., 2010. Evidence-Based Public Health. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Durkin, S., Brennan, E. Wakefield, M., 2012. Mass media campaigns to promote smoking cessation among adults: an integrative review. Tobacco Control, Volume 21, pp. 127-138. Frieden, T. R., 2010 . A Framework for Public Health Ac tion: The Health Impact Pyramid. American Journal of Public Health, 100(4), p. 590à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"595. Higgs, J., Jones, M., Loftus, S. Christensen, N., 2005. Clinical Reasoning in the Health Professions. New York: Elsevier Health Sciences. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2015. Methods for the development of NICE public health guidance (third edition). [Online] Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg4/chapter/1%20introduction [Accessed 28 September 2015]. NHS, 2013. NHS Immunisation Statistics, London: NHS. NHS, 2015. Flu Plan Winter 2015/16. [Online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/418038/Flu_Plan_Winter_2015_to_2016.pdf [Accessed 28 September 2015]. Public Health England, 2015. Flu vaccine shows low effectiveness against the main circulating strain seen so far this season. [Online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/flu-vaccine-shows-low-effectiveness-against-the-ma in-circulating-strain-seen-so-far-this-season [Accessed 28 September 2015]. Scutchfield, F. Keck, C., 2003. Principles of Public Health Practice. Clifton Park: Delmar Learning. The Kings Fund, 2014. Making the case for public health interventions. [Online] Available at: https://www.kingsfund.org.uk/audio-video/public-health-spending-roi?gclid=CM_ExbKomcgCFcZuGwodE44Lkg [Accessed 28 September 2015].